Apple Orchard v2n3 1981 Fall

INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE"

presents

Apple
Orchard

TM

VOLUME 2 NUMBER 3

FALL 1981

The Apple Nobody Knows

Price War

SUP'R'MOD II ☆ SUP'RTERMINAL it SUP'R’FAN it SUP'R'SWITCHER

‘Version 2.5

APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE Computer Co.
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

M & R Enterprises
■ g M P.O.Box 61011
Iflmm Sunnyvale, CA 94086
|\|A% Telephone (408) 738-3772

SUP'R'FAN

• Fits inside the APPLE II case

• Powered by 117VAC and does not depend on the
Apple Power Supply

• Brushless AC Motor for no electrical noise

• Does not interfere with all present Apple Peripherals

• Mounts with one screw — no drilling required

• Will not interfere with magnetic media such as metal
cased monitors or disks in close proximity (less than
l / 2 gauss)

• Lowers IC surface temperatures

• Weighs only 18 oz.

SUP'R'SWITCHER

• 90 to 135 VAC/60Hz or 180 to 270 VAC/50Hz input

• Fully protected — voltage/current

• Overvoltage protection

• 0-50 C full load operating temperature

• Output voltage current

+5V @ 6A -12V @ 1A
+12V @ 1A -5V @ 1A

• Weight — 2% lbs

• Size 3%” H 9%” D 6%” W

• Mounts on left side of Apple II

• Sufficient current to handle all 8 slots

• Plugs directly into the Apple II motherboard

SUP'R'MOD II

The SUP'R’MOD II is a wide band black and white or
color compatible interface system intended to convert
the home TV to a full video display for home computers,
CCTV cameras and similar systems which output
NTSC compatible composite video. The SUP'R’MOD II
is pre-tuned to U.S. channel 33 (UHF), includes a coaxial
cable and antenna transformer, and in conjunction with
a standard home TV set, insures safe isolation and high
performance.

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

TYPICAL

UNIT

F c

Vision Carrier

591.5

MHz ± 0.5

Icc

Supply Current

2.0

Ma

VO (Hi)

RF Output, V mod = 0

1.5

Mv

VO (Low)

RF Output, V mod =1.5

-20.0

dB

R in (mod)

Modulation input resistance

700.0

Ohm

V OSc (Min)

Oscillator stop voltage

2.0

Volt

v c c

Voltage

+5 to +12

Volts DC

SUP'R'TERMINAL

• 80 Columns by 24 lines, upper and lower case; all 128
ASCII characters

• Includes an Upper and Lower case 5x8 dot matrix
ASCII character set, and inverse alpha characters

• Character set can be user definable

• Shift Lock feature

• Works with APPLE PASCAL and APPLE BASIC

• Compatible with ALL APPLE II peripherals

• CP/M Output cursor*

• Pascal 1.1 Keypress and type ahead in firmware*

• 3K bytes of bank switched static ram

• 2K bytes of ROM

• The only board with continuous direct memory
mapped screened ram

• The only board that interprets VTABS by firmware
(version 2.2)

• The only board with an adjustable scrolling window

• The only 80 column board that is synchronous with
the APPLE A

• Fully programmable cursor

• Works with CORVUS and NESTAR Systems

SUP'R'SWITCHER it SUP'R’FAN it SUP'R'TERMINAL ☆ SUP'R’MOD II

Turn your Apple into the world’s
most versatile personal computer.

The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard
turns your Apple into two computers.
A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80
microprocessor and CP/M to your
Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into
a CP/M based machine. That means
you can access the single largest body
of microcomputer software in exist-
ence. Two computers in one. And, the
advantages of both.

Plug and go. The SoftCard system
starts with a Z-80 based circuit card.
Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of
your Apple. No modifications required.
SoftCard supports most of your Apple
peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your
Apple is still your Apple.

CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M
on disk with the SoftCard package. It's
a powerful and simple-to-use operating
system. It supports more software
than any other microcomputer operat-
ing system. And that's the key to the
versatility of the SoftCard/Apple.

BASIC included. A powerful tool,
BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCard
package. Running under CP/M, ANSI
Standard BASIC-80 is the most
powerful microcomputer BASIC
available. It includes extensive disk I/O
statements, error trapping, integer
variables, 16-digit precision, exten-
sive EDIT commands and string func-
tions, high and low-res Apple graphics,
PRINT USING, CHAIN and COM-
MON, plus many additional com-
mands. And, it's a BASIC you can
compile with Microsoft's BASIC
Compiler.

More languages. With SoftCard and
CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI
Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or

Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan-
guage Development System. All, more
powerful tools for your Apple.

Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard
in operation at your Microsoft or Apple
dealer. We think you'll agree that the
SoftCard turns your Apple into the
world's most versatile personal
computer.

Complete information? It's at your
dealer's now. Or, we'll send it to you
and include a dealer list. Write us. Call
us. Or, circle the reader service card
number below.

SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple II and
Apple II Plus are registered trademarks of Apple
Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog,
Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital
Research, Inc.

/MKROSOfT

V CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS®

Microsoft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave. N.E.,
Bellevue, WA 98004. (206) 454-1315

Mic*o-Scfs A40/A70 subsystem i
combines the diskette level com- 'j
patibility and interchangeability of t
the A4G with the superior storage )
capacity of the A70. '

Dual A79’s provide over half- ,j

a-megabyte of storage, at 5 Vi" j

floppy prices! > ■

: No fiiate whidi Miao-Sci : J j
Subsystem you choose, you'll have )
more capacity compatibility and
versatility for your computer — and j
more money in your pocket. 1 j

Contact us today for more infer- )
mation and the name of your 1
nearest Micro-Sd Dealer.

* ? ‘Disk JI” is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.,
Cupertino, GA • }

r "SoftCard js a registered trademark of Micro- Soft Consumer*
Products. V

If you own an Apple Ilf or plan
to btry one, consider this:

The Disk II* subsystem made
for your Apple II provides only 35
tracks of storage. But Micro-Sci
subsystems made for your Apple II
provide up to 70 tracks, without
reduced versatility or compatibility.

MORE CAPACITY
FOR LESS MONEY

Our A40 system features 40
tracks, whereas our A70 provides
70 tracks and exactly twice the
byte capacity of Disk II.

With either Micro-Sci system, you
pay a lot less per byte. And with
the A40, you could even end up
paying considerably less per drive.

COMPATIBILITY TO SPARE

Micro-Sci has achieved this
extra storage while maintaining
compatibility with your existing
Apple formated diskettes.

Our subsystems operate with;' > ;
DOS 3.2 and 3.3, Pascal, and the
Z80 SoftCard.

VERSATILITY PLtJS

You can even mix Apple Disk 11%
A40s and A70 s on the same com-
puter. Micro-Sci s controller sup-
ports one or two A40 s, one or two
A70s or one of each.

Single or dual A40 drive sub-
systems give you more capacity
(20,000 to 40,000 bytes) than
Disk II drives, for less money.

//-SCI

MICRO-SCI

17742 Irvine Boulevard, Suite 205, Tustin, California 92680 / Phone: 714/731-9461 / Telex: 910-346-6739

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS, INC-

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 3

Take a bite...

Vol.2 No. 3

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Fall 1981

Build a Better Error Trap, Peter C.Weiglin 12

Designing input to reduce crash potential.

What Does an Apple T aste Like, Eve? Marion D. Jett 16

Symbolism, exegesis and tomorrow.

The Apple Nobody Knows, Alan Anderson 18

The real Apple III story.

The Hero, the Sword, and the Apple, Donald Brown 23

About those interactive fantasy games.

Apple II Disk Soft Sectoring, Gary Morris 26

Short nibble on nibbles.

Ham ‘n’ Apples, Jim Hassler 27

The worldwide Amateur Radio Applenet.

Apple Telecommunications, Louis H. Milrad 30

Or, run your home Apple from the office.

Data Communication, Rob Stewart 33

Modems, carriers, baud and duplex explained.

Price War, Joe Budge 38

A microeconomics simulation.

Attach-BIOS Console Driver, Steve Lloyd 45

Augmentation for the IAC’s Pascal disk.

Integer BASIC Register Loader, Val J. Golding 53

Passage of parameters to machine language.

Poorboy Word Processor, Mike Kramer 56

MX-80 lower-case output program.

ShapeDefinitionConversionTable,DavidG.Huffman 78

An easier way to keep track of those pesky arrows.

DEPARTMENTS

Letters 6

PRINT FRE(ed), Val J. Golding 8

Planting a Seed. . . Peter C.Weiglin 9

President’s Message, Ken Silverman 11

Product Reviews 36

User Group Forum, Randy Fields 67

Club meetings and organization.

IAC Section: Membership Information 61

Inside the IAC 69

Sponsoring Members 70

Worldwide Club Roster 72

Forbidden Fruit, Mark L. Crosby 82

Temptations, delicacies, and necessities.

Buffer Overflow, Brian Strong 96

PAGE 4

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Apple

Orchard

Vol. 2 No. 3 Fall 1981

Entire Contents Copyright © 1981

by International Apple Core

Peter C. Weiglin — Editor
Val. J. Golding — Editorial Associate
Mark Crosby — New Products Editor
“Dr. Wo” — Pascal/Languages Editor

EDITORIAL MATERIAL TO:

International Apple Core

P.O. Box 976

Daly City, CA 94017

Published for the International Apple Core by
dilithium Press, P.O. box 1493,
Beaverton, OR 97075

Patricia Miller — Publisher

Tymera Coen — Production Manager

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES:

Marla Knauss
dilithium Press
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, OR 97075
(503) 646-2713

SUBSCRIPTIONS— DEALER INFORMATION:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, OR 97075

APPLE ORCHARD (ISSN 0277-1950) is published quarterly by dilithium Press, 1 1000
SW 1 1 th Street, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. Subscription rates are $ 1 0.00 for four issues
in the G.S., $ 15.00 G.S. funds for Canada, Mexico, APO and FPO addresses, and $20.00
G.S. funds for overseas and foreign addresses. Send change of address notices and cor-
respondence concerning subscriptions to: APPLE ORCHARD Subscriptions, P.O. Box
1493, Beaverton, Oregon 97075.

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE

Officers

Jerry Vitt
Ken Silverman
Dave Gordon
David Alpert
Joe Budge

Chairman

President

Vice-President

Treasurer

Secretary

(214)369-7660
(415)878-9171
(213)384-0579
(312) 295-6078
(919)489-4284

Regional Directors

Roger Keating
Auby Mandel
Wolfgang Dederichs

P.O. Box 448, Double Bay 2048, NSW, Australia
409 Queen St. W. , T oronto, Ont. , Canada M5 V 2 A5
Auf Drenhausen 2 4320 Hattigen, West Germany

Harlan G. Felt
James E. Hassler
Jerry Vitt
Scott Knaster
Bernie Urban
Tony Cerreta
Fred Wilkinson
James Simpson

(Northern United States)
(Northern United States)
(Southern United States)
(Southern United States)
(Eastern United States)
(Eastern United States)
(Western United States)
(Western United States)

(408) 866-1733
(307) 632-4934
(214) 369-7660
(303)238-8301
(301)229-3458
(914)636-3417
(415) 585-2240
(805) 492-3391

Committee Chairmen

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS:

Co-ordinator
Education SIG
Ham Radio SIG
Handicapped SIG
Languages
Legal SIG
Medical SIG

Louis Milrad
Ted Perry

James E. Hassler, WB7TRQ
David McFarling
Tom Woteki
Felix B. Clayton
Larry L. Stoneburner

(416) 223-0599
(916) 961-7776
(307) 632-4934
(402) 467-1878
(202) 547-0984
(803) 884-5370
(714) 953-9151

ApNotes
Apple Orchard
I AC Software
IAC Librarian
Telecommunications
Standards

Newsletter Exchange
New Club Assistance

John Shanes
Peter C. Weiglin
Neil Lipson
Major Terry N. Taylor
Craig Vaughan
Mark Robbins
David Alpert
Randy Fields

(804) 746-2711
(415) 573-9726
(215) 356-6183
(213)372-4134
(703) 255-2241
(303)755-6440
(312) 295-6078
(415) 775-7965

Cover photograph by Tracy I. Borland

A colorful high-res graphics adventure on
land and at sea, in dungeons and castles;
different each time you play. Plan your
strategy, solve the puzzles, and survive
the endless variety of hazards and foes to
reap your rewards. Odyssey is an ever
fresh mythic adventure.

Apple 1 1, DOS 3.2 or 3.3, Integer — $30.00.

Synergistic

Software

5221 120th Ave. S.E.
Bellevue, Washington 98006

PAGE 6

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Letters
to the Editor

Sir:

Enclosed is my check for a one-
year subscription. 1 found the article
“Comparing Applesoft Programs for
Differences” in the Spring 1981 Or-
chard to be very helpful, and well-
written. It’s a pleasure to see a pro-
gram that not only does the job, but
does it with style.

In the same issue, the article
“Screen Formatting of Text” (which,
in general, is very good), the pro-
gram for printing more than two col-
umns does not work. The only time
a “1” should be added is when the
number of columns does not evenly
divide the number of items. Perhaps
the author meant to use the INTeger
function. Also, the program should
stop after item RN has been printed.

Francis A. Greene
Hedgesville, WV

(The INT function was intended,
and was lost somewhere.

—Ed.)

Sir:

On Page 87 of the summer Apple
Orchard is a question about weird
numbers with the Applesoft Renum-
ber. Because this kind of thing had
been happening to me, I breathlessly
turned the page for the rest of the
answer . . . and no answer. Is there a
“fix”? Or were you just kidding?

R. E. Johnson
Houston

There is a fix, no kidding. Here it
is (I hope. . .)— PCW

AFTER USING THE RENUMBER
PROGRAM, I GET SOME
WEIRD CALCULATIONS.
WHY?

Renumber is a very powerful
tool for developing programs,
but after you use it you may find
some strange calculations in
your program. What happens is
that the number after an asterisk
(“*”), as for multiplication, is
sometimes mistaken as a line
number, and Renumber renum-
bers it. So if you had a line:

10 A=B* 10

it might renumber as

20 A=B*20

The fix is:

For RAM Applesoft

LOAD RENUMBER
POKE 14342,172
POKE 14343,171
1 SAVE RENUMBER

For ROM Applesoft

LOAD RENUMBER
POKE 4815,172
POKE 4816,171
SAVE RENUMBER

(Do this on Renumber after
copying it onto your work disk.)

Sir:

I read “Low Resolution Graphics in
Pascal” by Bill Shepard in the Spring
Apple Orchard with great interest. (I
am trying to learn programming with
Pascal instead of BASIC.) Unfor-
tunately, I could not compile my in-
put. I believe there is an error some-
where on Pages 82, 83, or 84. Can
you help?

Thomas Kwai
Wappinger’s Falls,
New York

Yes. The VAR declaration at the
top of Page 82 should have been at
the top of Page 84. On Pages 62
and 63 of this issue you will find the
pages from his original listing,
showing the “contexts” I have de-
scribed. It was not Mr. Shepard’s er-
ror. Note: for the full listing, we re-
mind you that back issues are
available. Maybe an answer is to
publish disks containing the pro-
grams used in the Apple Orchard.
What do you think?— PCW

Send your

comments to:

International Apple Core

P.O. Box 976

Daly City, CA 94017

THE BATTLE OF SHILOH: A brigade-level simulation of the first grand battle of the Civil War,
pitting the Confederate Army against Grant’s troops and Union gunboats.

TIGERS IN THE SNOW: Ghostlike Nazi Tiger tanks and infantry sweep across the dark,
frozen forests of the Ardennes against a surprised U.S. force in this division/ regiment-level
simulation of Hitler’s last desperate attack

i

As part of our demanding standards of excellence, we use ITIBXEll floppy discs.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc

When we set out to design
games based on the Battle of Shiloh
and the Battle of the Bulge, we
knew we had to give these classic,
favorite themes a fresh, new look
and feel. After all, we’ve established
a reputation in strategy gaming for
unsurpassed innovation, excitement
and sophistication.

First we put the games on the
Apple® II* programming it perfectly
to eliminate all organizational and
administrative headaches so you can
give your undivided attention to
strategy planning.

Then we gave both games the
realism and playability you’re looking
for. An elegant yet easy-to-use move-
ment system for unimpeded play.
Historical detail and accuracy for rich-
ness and color. Hi-Res graphics that
add even more color. Great solitaire
scenarios against the computer.
Zones of control. A step- reduction
combat system. And more.

Finally, we threw in features
you wouldn’t expect For example,
TIGERS IN THE SNOW has artillery
and airpower allocations along with
fuel and supply limitations. THE
BATTLE OF SHILOH allows you to
fine-tune combat strengths for each
side, providing for the ultimate in
play balance. It even lets you select
risk levels and ferocity of attack (or
defense).

For $39.95 each, these are
extraordinary games at quite an
ordinary price. So head on down to
your local store and check them out
today!

VISA and M/C holders can order by
calling 800-227-1617, ext 335 (toll free).
In California, call 800-772-3545, ext 335.

To order by mail, send your check to:
Strategic Simulations Inc, 465 Fairchild Dr.,
Suite 108, Mountain View, CA 94043.

All our games carry a 14-day money-
back guarantee.

*48K disc for Apple® II with ROM Card or
Apple® 11 Plus.

PAGE 8

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Ain’t Apple grand! This is the
thought that crosses our mind as we
sit down to have a blank sheet of
paper and a cranky typewriter stare
us in the face. (Word processing —
what’s that?)

In a lot of ways, we are old-fash-
ioned; we don’t always accept
change readily. But accept or not, it
occurs and we must live with it.
Growing up with the Apple from its
earliest stages adds a dimension not
shared by newer owners. Who ever
heard of a printer interface card
(there was always the game I/O) or a
disk drive (sure tape worked just
dandy). Now we have the Apple ///;
we have an Apple 11 so loaded with
cards there is room for no more, and

PRINT FRE(ed)

by Val J. Golding

Editorial Associate

what is to come; what can we look
forward to.

Recent computer shows shed a
glimmer of light. There are many
new machines out there, some of
which, on the surface at least, appear
to offer stiff competition to Apple.
Some will survive, become preda-
tors; others will not. What will the
position of the I AC be? Some rumors
that the XXXX computer will even
handle Apple software! This is good
cause for the IAC clubs to do some
serious thinking. Here are some
thoughts we would like to nominate:

What percentage of our mem-
bership is interested in the Apple
from a utilitarian standpoint,
i.e., applications only.

Is the percentage of program-
mers and hobbyists shrinking?

If so, is this unique only to the
Apple world as a whole, or is it
also true within the clubs?

To what extent do we (as clubs)
want to support the Apple ///?

Do we want material on the III in-
cluded in the Orchard?

This is but a shadow of the possibili-
ties that come to mind, but the time
is ripe. Members can contact their
regional directors, or they may ad-
dress the Orchard directly. What is
important is that the IAC needs your
thinking. IAC does not set policy, the
members do.

INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE '

APPLE
ORCHARD
BACK ISSUES

Back issues of Apple Orchard are available, while supplies
last, as follows:

Volume 1 , Number 1 —$5.00 each
All other issues — $3.50 each
(No. 2 is no longer available)

Please send your name, address, and issue number(s),
along with a check, money order, or your VISA or Master-
Card number and expiration date to:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.0. Box 1493
Beaverton, Oregon 97075

FALL 1981

Planting
a seed...

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 9

THE NON-DISCRIMINATOR

The Apple neither knows nor
cares what color the fingers of its
operators are, or which religious
Book those fingers hold, if any. It
cares not how old those fingers are,
what kind of bodies those fingers
may caress, nor whether the opera-
tor’s chair has legs, casters. . .or
wheels. It doesn’t even matter
whether fingers are used, or a stick
held between teeth.

Which makes the Apple the ulti-
mate non-discriminator. Well, that’s
obvious; it’s a machine. (Strange
how we have to remind ourselves of
that occasionally.) Humans discri-
minate on grounds of personal char-
acteristics, machines don’t. No great
intellectual or moral revelation here.

Apples have become the means
to more effective communication
for an increasing number of handi-
capped people, and the means to ac-
ceptance and income for a number
of people who might have been dis-
criminated against. Example: what
other industry so readily accepts the
work of a 15-year old as a viable
commercial reality, treating it no
differently than the work of a 30 or
40-year old if it’s as good, which it
frequently is.

Look around your user groups
too, and the diverse cross-section of
personalities (not to mention physi-

cal varieties!) present there. And if
you are a male with a hang-up about
females who are competent in pro-
fessional and intellectual pursuits,
stay away; some of the Apple’s best
friends are women — women who
are using the Apple to help express
themselves as people.

Come to think of it, we’re all using
the Apple to help express ourselves,
aren’t we? And we don’t even think
about the personal characteristics of
the person who wrote a program, or
designed a piece of hardware, or
wrote about it. The question is, did
the product of that intellect work
well or didn’t it? The “Beautiful Peo-
ple” have as much trouble learning
Pascal as the rest of us, while a per-
son that society might otherwise
overlook, for stupid but human rea-
sons, may wind up revolutionizing
something.

Because success comes only
from intense individual effort, every-
body starts on an equal footing.
Some wind up in a business activity
growing out of Apple involvement.
Many, if not all, of the businesses
serving the microcomputer industry
started as ideas, and were first
worked on part-time, the classic
story being two guys named Steve
who hocked a VW van and started
building a funny-looking printed cir-
cuit board.

One only has to look around the
San Francisco Bay Area to realize
that, particularly in today’s econ-
omy, there is no hobby, industry or
business that has a greater disregard
for personal characteristics, while at
the same time providing a wide
range of opportunities for self-
advancement and self-fulfillment.

The main point of this discourse is
this: in this microcomputer field,
personal characteristics don’t mat-
ter. Nobody gives a reject chip about
majority or minority status, physical
characteristics, lifestyles, etc. The
individual effort put into a program,
hardware item, or accessory, can be
put in by anyone.

What does matter is the effort and
the result. There are, of course, no
guarantees of success. The market-
place rewards those who find one or
more needs and desires, and fills
those needs and desires. In one
sense, it’s a shame that a large seg-
ment of America has forgotten that
fact. But there is this benefit: that
forgetfulness leaves more oppor-
tunity open for you.

Whoever, or whatever, you are.

PAGE 10 APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1981

GREETINGS FROM CALIFORNIA . . .

. . . AT LEAST SOME APPLES ARE

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 1 1

President’s Message

Ken Silverman

President, International Apple Core

Are you looking for help in the
areas of programming, special uses
for the Apple, hardware, or some
special interest? The best place to
find help — answers to these and
other questions — is an Apple User
Group, which is a place to share
information.

The International Apple Core re-
ceives many calls asking, “Where is
the closest User Group in the area of

?” In most cases, an

existing Club is close by and the
caller can join. You’ll find a current
listing of the IAC member Clubs in
this issue of the Apple Orchard.

Once in a while, there are no
groups close to the caller’s location.
When this happens, the IAC sug-
gests that the caller start just such a
group. The response is, “HOW?”

The IAC has just completed pro-
duction of a manual to help in start-
ing up a user group. The name is
“INIT USER GROUP” (Initialize/

Start Up/How to Do it). The manual
includes basic information on for-
mation, organization, publicity, put-
ting together a newsletter, starting a
software library (disks to do this are
included with the manual), and
some sample by-laws.

The manual isn’t designed to
cover all possibilities; your user
group will be different from all other
user groups. If you have been opera-
tional for a while, this manual will be
of less use to you than if you were
not yet started.

The IAC’s INIT USER GROUP

manual costs $50.00. If you do start
a User Group, however, and join the
IAC, there is a coupon in the manual
which will allow your first year’s
dues to be reduced from $50 to $25.
This makes the manual’s cost
$25.00. If you require more informa-
tion before purchasing, please write
or call the IAC.

On another subject, the IAC
Board of Directors is now in the
planning stages of obtaining a full-
time staff and opening an IAC office.
The growth of the IAC has been fan-
tastic, and with that growth comes a
great deal of work. Up to this time,
that work has been done by volun-
teers. While volunteer efforts will re-
main the backbone of the IAC’s acti-
vities, certain administrative and
clerical tasks have reached the point
where an effective response to
your — the member Club’s — needs
requires this “system reconfigura-
tion”. The manner in which you in-
put, vote, and obtain information
will stay the same. Your Board of
Directors will still be responsible to
the member Clubs in their respec-
tive areas; the Board will set policies
and goals for the operating staff.
More information will be forthcom-
ing on this as it develops.

PAGE 12

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

BUILD A BETTER ERROR TRAP

by Peter C. Weiglin

Cider Press

So you set up a program which re-
quires that data be INPCJTed from
time to time; a simple idea. . .just
tell the Apple what it wants to know.
That may be a number “YOUR
CHOICE? (1 to 5)”, or a string, like
“WANT TO GO ON? (YES OR NO)”,
or “NAME OF STATE CAPITAL:?”

The request is placed there as part
of an INPUT statement, which re-
quires a [RETURN] after the date, or a
GET statement, which does not re-
quires a [RETURN]. The information
is then processed by program state-
ments which follow the request.

In most cases, the range of poten-
tial answers desired by the program
is limited; numbers above or below a
valid range (as with a menu) could
cause undesirable results. Further, if
the request is for a “Yes or No” re-
sponse, or for the capital of North
Carolina, and you input JOE
BUDGE, the poor machine is likely
to be confused, unless you have
taken precautions.

Hence the error trap, a routine for
filtering out inappropriate responses
before they scramble the program’s
correct execution (read “CRASH”). It
is not news that this process involves
the use of IF statements. The idea is
to anticipate every potential re-
sponse, and cause the program to re-
ject any response which does not fit
the situation. The rejection may be
communicated with as much tact or
venom as you desire.

NUMBERS

Take the case of a menu with five
choices; the program might look like
this:

250 INPUT “YOUR CHOICE: ”;A
260 IF A<1 GOTO 250
270 IF A> 5 GOTO 250
(etc.)

Despite the repeated “YOUR
CHOICE” printing until a correct in-

put, there is no real explanation of
the problem. One solution is:

230 GOTO 250
240 PRINT “NUMBER
BETWEEN 1 AND 5
PLEASE, DUMMY.”: PRINT
250 INPUT “YOUR CHOICE: ”;A
260 IFAcl GOTO 240
270 IF A> 5 GOTO 240
(etc.)

But, that’s cumbersome. There’s a
‘GOTO’ on every cycle even if there’s
no error (most of the time, we hope),
and two ‘IF’ statements where one
could do the job. Like this:

250 INPUT “YOUR CHOICE: ”;A
260 IF A< OR A> THEN PRINT:
PRINT “NUMBER
BETWEEN 1 AND 5,
PLEASE.”:PRINT:GOTO
250
(etc.)

The result is a more streamlined
execution. Still more streamlining
could result if the ABS function is
used, this way:

260 IF ABS(3 — A)> 2 THEN . . .
(etc.)

range were from 1 to 6, then the pro-
gram line would read:

260 IF ABS(3.5 — A)> 2
THEN . . .

(etc.)

This brings up another wrinkle. In
Applesoft, a number like ‘4.2’ could
be input. This will truncate to the
lower integer. But if the expected
answer is an integer (which takes up
less memory space than an FP num-
ber), you might as well use ‘A%’, the
integer variable.

STRINGS

The other type of information in-
put is a string, viz.

350 INPUT “YOUR NAME: ”;A$
or

450 INPUT “WANT TO GO ON
(Y OR N)”;A$

in the ‘name’ case, or any other item
of information, your first concern is
that the length of the string not foul
up your overall format. Try this:

360 IF LEN(A$)> 8 THEN A$ =
LEFT$(A$,8)

For the Y/N or ‘yes/no’ condition,
you want the program to branch one
way or the other. The idea here would
seem to be to branch on the less
likely answer, and to cause a default
condition to the least “damaging”
outcome; e.g.:

460 IFA$ = “Y” GOTO 700:

REM BRANCH

470 IF A$ < > “N” THEN PRINT
“ONE MORE TIME, FAT-
HEAD!”:GOTO 450: REM
TRY AGAIN

Note that line 460 gets the “Y” off
on its way. If the answer isn’t “N” in
line 470, something’s wrong, and
you need a new answer.

Now, you may say that, “this stuff
is great if lots of people will use the
program, but I’m the only one who’ll
use it, and I designed the program, so
I don’t need all this error trapping.

Chances are you believe in the
Easter Bunny too. Your memory
(human) isn’t as good as you think it
is. A year or more later, as you enter
data, you just might make a mistake
as the keyboard shifts underneath
your flying fingers (at least that’s
what happens to me). The best solu-
tion is to protect you from youself, or
anyone else entering data.

Build a better error trap . . . and
valid data will beat a path to your
Apple.

h OF TITLES

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Chock full of programs with practical applications,
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One of the world's most popular operating systems
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This thought-provoking book illustrates how a
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If you're ever considered a computer for your bus-
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Hayden Applesoft" Compiler

A Brand New Multi-Phase Compiler

That Speeds Your Program Up to
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• MODULAR CODE!

Starting address fora compiled
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space or RESTOREing its data-pointer.
RESULT: Modules can retain their
data between CALLS (local variables).
Modules may CALL one another
and/or may be CALLed from a real
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All Applesoft features are sup-
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1980: Super Invader

1981: Blister Ball
and Mad Bomber

Blister Ball

Blister Ball is the first completely original
arcade-type game for a computer. Not a
copy, not an adaptation, not a spinoff. Blister
Ball is new— it’s a new idea— better than
Invaders, better than Circus, better than
Asteroids, better than Galaxian. If you’ve
played other games for hours, you’ll play
Blister Ball for days.

How does it work? Well, some mean but
fun-loving aliens have produced some
bouncing bombs. First they drop one and
you’ve got to position yourself under it and
zap it with your laser. If you miss, that’s
OK. It will bounce around, although each
bounce is lower, and you have several
chances to zap it. Got the hang of it? OK,
here come two bouncing bombs. You zap
them. Then you’re faced with three, then
four and five.

As they bounce longer and longer the
walls begin to close in so you’re faced with
either zapping the bombs or being hit. Each
hit knocks you a little further toward the
gutter. But you can survive two hits which
is usually enough to zap all the bombs.

Feeling confident? Don’t. Because after
5 bombs the murderous little devils drop 5
bonus bombs, worth ten times as much.
These don't bounce, so you get only one
shot. You need nerves of steel and the
reflexes of a tail gunner.

After you complete one round, the game
starts again with bombs that bounce faster
and lower (and are worth more) than the
previous ones.

Blister Ball is a fantastic solo game. But
there are two-player options as well in which
players can play as a team or as opponents.
Each player can move the entire width of
the screen and zap any of the bombs. Here,
you’re not only trying to survive, but trying
to outscore your opponent. The game has
two skill levels.

Mad Bomber

In Mad Bomber you are faced with aliens
in a huge ship hovering overhead. They
have bomb racks which they constantly fill
with bombs. Your object is to move from
side to side on the ground and zap the
bombs in the bomb racks or as they fall.

As the game progresses, the aliens fill
up their bomb racks more quickly and the
bombs fall faster. You lose after ten bombs
have hit the area which you are defending.

Mad Bomber can be played by one player
solo or by two players as a team or as
opponents. Two skill levels.

Order Today

Blister Ball and Mad Bomber are available
together for $29.95 on disk (DOS 3.2) only
and require a 48K Apple with paddle
controls. (We recommend using the Super
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To order send $29.95 plus $2.00 shipping
and handling to the address below. Credit
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and expiration date of Visa, MasterCard or
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may also be called in to our toll-free number
in the continental U.S.

If you also wish to order a set of Super
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Blister Ball and Mad Bomber are colorful,
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Attn: Helen

39 E. Hanover Avenue
Morris Plains, NJ 07950
Toll-free 800 - 631-8112
In NJ 201-540-0445

PAGE 16

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

What

Does

an Apple Taste Like, Eve?

by Marion D. Jett

I drew the Apple pendant across
my palm, thinking how it symbolized
the love of friends — an early birthday
gift from fellow Apple owners far
away. The word "symbol” turned a
switch inside my brain and I began to
look at the dangling metal apple
closely, seeking its meaning, its
symbolism.

“Why an apple?”, I asked aloud.
Why not a plum or pear or berry, 1
wondered.

And why a rainbow-hued apple?
Why not a red or yellow or green
one? What did 1 hold in my hand?
What did it mean?

I let my consciousness stream on
until, after a few moments, I had
reached a few conclusions. I’d like to
share them with you — one woman’s
fanciful attempt to explain, "Why an
Apple?”

I asked myself, "What was the ap-
ple’s genesis?” Ah, Genesis! I
thought, and pure fantasy overtook
me.

There’s a great deal of Biblical
symbolism in this little apple. (Bear
with me, agnostics and atheists; look
at this as the literary legacy of an an-
cient people trying to explain their

origins. * In Genesis, the first book of
the Bible, is recorded the story of the
famous apple in Eden’s garden. That
apple hung on the tree of the knowl-
edge of good and evil and Man could
not resist its temptation (Gen.
2:15-25; 3:1-24, RSV).

Eve bit and so did Adam. So, now I
was left with an apple (no color re-
corded) with a bite out of it. It was
probably Adam’s apple which was
left; Eve must have eaten all of hers.

The phrase, "tree of the knowl-
edge of good and evil,” kept echoing
in my head. Good and evil . . . plus
and minus ... truth and non-
truth. . .aha! 1 and 0! That’s the way
an Apple sorts data. It fit . . . knowl-
edge like that of the Gods. . .
infallible.

But why was the apple multi-
colored? What was the genesis of
that? Back to the Book.

Genesis 6:5 begins the Noah story
that ends after the flood with a cove-
nant between God and Man; its sign
was the rainbow (Gen. 9:17). Rain-
bows become God’s memory hooks.
They always reminded Him to turn
off the rains before another world-
wide flood began.

Great, I thought; rainbows are for
remembering. Of course! ROM,
RAM, disks, tapes. . .all parts of a
well-known system for remem-
bering.

But I still wasn’t satisfied. None of
my speculations had pierced the
core of the symbolism I sought. I fell
back to Man’s most elementary
method of seeking knowledge of a
strange new object. I examined the
apple lying in my hand with my five
senses.

Quickly, the checklist: 1) Hear-
ing — silent; 2) Sight — as described
above; 3) Touch — not applicable for
symbols; 4) Smell-nothing. But 5)
Taste, gave me pause.

No, I didn’t bite the metal neck-
lace. I just looked again at the miss-
ing bite of the design and asked,
“What did that Old Testament apple
taste like when man and woman first
knew it?”

Well, after eating the forbidden
fruit, Adam and Eve traded eternal
days of joy in Eden for the uncertain
tomorrows of the world-at-large.

“THAT’S IT!” I yelled. That’s what
it tasted like. It was a taste of
tomorrow!

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 17

Sighing with contentment, I hung
the necklace on its hook in my jewel
box. I walked downstairs, sat at the
Apple keyboard and looked around
the family room where it was set up.
Across the room stood a television
set with interactive cable. Tomor-
row, not too long after today, tech-
nology will join the TV set and the
Apple to the world and I’ll be doing
my shopping and banking in this
room. I glanced at all the “peripher-
als” my husband had assembled to
operate our security system, the
kitchen appliances, and all of the
toys and gadgets we own. What
marvels lay within our reach!
Already our finance and cor-
respondence were stored on disks.
Maybe tomorrow would bring a
robot to clean the house. After all,
our Apple II Plus was but an hors
d’oeuvre of the banquet ahead.

As I turned back to the Apple, the
bright logos on the keyboard and
disk drives stood out boldly against
their neutral backgrounds, symbols
of the machines waiting to serve me.
Yes, now I know what I’ll think each
time I see those symbols. The Apple
has given us, its users, a look at what
is coming. It has given us a taste of
tomorrow!

©1981 by Marion D. Jett.

*The author understands that none of
the preceding ideas may have been in
the thoughts of those who chose a bit-
ten, rainbow-colored apple for the Apple
Computer logotype. She also under-
stands the difference between exegesis
and proof-texting when seeking inspira-
tion or confirmation from the Bible. She
trusts God forgives her her whimsical
ways and begs all readers to to likewise.

Marion D. (“Rusty”) Jett and her doc-
tor husband Roy succumbed to
temptation and purchased an Apple
II Plus in late 1980. Mrs. Jett is a
“housewife” who writes, who is busi-
ness manager of a medical practice,
who enjoys travelling with her hus-
band (they’re both licensed pilots),
and who is active in politics and
government service. Until recently,
she was President of the Transit
Authority serving the Cincinnati,
Ohio area. Roy and Rusty have also
become active in the Cincinnati
Apple-Siders.

PAGE 18

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

THE APPLE NOBODY KNOWS

by Alan Anderson

The story of the Apple III is a fas-
cinating one. Although this compu-
ter has only been public knowledge
for about a year, its existence has had
a profound effect on Apple Compu-
ter, Inc. and those of us who use their
products. If you own or use an Apple
II, you know about the Apple III. You
may have seen it lurking in a corner
of your local computer store, with
full color horses parading across the
screen; you may have read about it in
various magazines that have detailed
its problems; but you probably have
not discovered the real inner work-
ings of this system. If you are a busi-
ness user, you may be surprised to
hear of some of its potential applica-
tions; if you a computer hobbyist,
you will be interested in the amazing
power hidden inside that curved
chassis. Now let’s explore together
the past, present, and future of the
still-mysterious Apple III .

What Happened

The fact that an Apple III would
someday appear was never a secret.
For at least a year before the Apple III
was introduced at the National Com-
puter Conference in May 1980, the
rumors flew fast and hard. But when
Apple introduced the new system,
the predictors were caught off guard.
Apple Magazine proclaimed “A New
Star is Bom”, but there were mutter-
ings of “birth defects”; many were
not impressed. Sure, it was pretty,
but where was the hard-disk drive?
No built-in color monitor? No Pascal
in ROM? No 68000 microprocessor?

Of course, the Apple III was miss-
ing these and other things that some
folks had decided were essential. If
the new computer had had a normal
chance to show itself off, these de-
sign decisions would have been ade-
quately explained at your local

dealer. But a “normal” introduction
period for the III was hardly what
occurred.

Of Clocks and Sockets

At NCC, Apple said that the first
shipments of Apple Ilfs would be
dealer demos, one per store, and that
they would start shipping in June.
That schedule was quite optimistic,
and it soon began slipping by several
weeks. Then, it got worse: Apple
began shipping demos, but they
rarely worked. Apple’s reputation for
quality, won with thousands of
trouble-free H’s, began to deteriorate
as the Apple III saga unfolded.

Example: Apple discovered that
their chip sockets were doing a lousy
job of holding the integrated circuits
in place, and that the slightest vibra-
tion in your friendly freight truck was
enough to unseat the chips, placing
the III out of commission. This was a
rude surprise for the unsuspecting
Apple dealers. Ruder surprises
awaited those who bought the first
working computers; they frequently
went dead after being installed in
home or office, adding to the hassle.
One solution was to allow the III to
fall vertically for 6-9 inches to a sur-
face capable of providing a sudden
stop, jarring the chips into place. The
apparent brutality of this celebrated
“drop fix” for sophisticated equip-
ment gave rise to the suggestion that
the “drop fix” might well be applied
to a few engineers and marketeers.

So, new sockets were used, with a
tighter grip, but Apple Ilfs were still
failing. Eventually, Apple discovered
that the new sockets were tighter all
right, but were jamming the chip
pins back around, missing the
socket. Again, they fixed the prob-
lem. Still, there were other hardware
problems. The built-in disk drive
sometimes didn’t work if a plastic-

enclosed monitor was placed on top
of the unit. There were rumors of a
nasty solder bridge on the mother-
board, and of inadequate heat dissi-
pation. Finally, after much work, Ap-
ple declared its reliability problems
solved.

It should be noted that until June
1981, Apple’s repair policy on Ilfs
was a model of simplicity: you send
yours back and they send you a new
one, fast. Having been through this
procedure, I must say that even the
most skeptical user comes out with
his feelings soothed. Apple didn’t
even wait until the sick one got there
before shipping the new one. More
recently, Apple has started selling
Apple III service kits to its Level I ser-
vice centers.

Then, there’s the clock. When Ap-
ple announced the III , one of its
proudest features was a built-in
clock/calendar chip that linked it to
the operating system and stamped
time and date on all your files. Well,
bizarre things started occurring with
the clock. The month began showing
us as “???”, and the hour would
climb whimsically into the 30’s and
40’s before realizing that a new day
was dawning. Since any boot disk-
ette automatically displayed time
and date, this particular black eye
got great exposure.

Eventually, Apple announced that
it was unable to find a reliable large-
volume source for the clock chips,
and stopped putting them in. The re-
tail price was lowered $50, and Apple
III owners were offered a $50 rebate.
Someday, when good chips can be
obtained, the clock will go back.
Someday. . .

But What Will it Do?

The Apple Ill's hardships have not
been limited to hardware. The
Sophisticated Operating System

FALL 1961

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 19

(SOS) had some problems, quickly
resolved, but became known as a
memory-eater. Business BASIC still
contains bugs, but the III does a good
job of emulating a single-language
Apple II. There was virtually no soft-
ware, except for the 80-column Visi-
Calc ///; people were hearing things
like, ‘‘I spent $4000 + , and got Visi-
Calc and a paperweight!”

Schedules and release dates
slipped further and further from ini-
tial estimates. Pascal was scheduled
for August 1981 release. . .see if it’s
out with this issue of the Apple Or-
chard. Other languages and soft-
ware, like COBOL and Fortran, have
also been subject to delays. The big-
gest blot in the software area has
been Word Painter, Apple’s high-
quality word processor. This product
is now more than a year behind
schedule and is forecast to appear
late this year. These delays, it seems,
will have been worth it; the products
are undergoing extensive testing,
and will be of higher quality than if
Apple had rushed them to judgment
in the rumor-ridden marketplace.

The Past is Behind Us

At last, it look like Apple III the
Product is coming together. Local
service is becoming available, as is
the Extended Warranty. Reliability is
up, says Apple, to a level comparable
with the Apple II. And there are fewer
gripes, growls, and whines coming

from Apple III owners within my ear-
shot. (Not “none”, just “fewer”.)

So what’s holding it back now?
Two things. The first is the acute
shortage of software. There are vir-
tually no application programs avail-
able, and programming tools are
likewise non-existent. There is as yet
no assembler which provides the,
proper interfaces with the Apple III
operating system. The appearance
of abundant software would greatly
help the Apple III.

But that’s one of the things being
retarded by the second problem,
which is the image of the Apple III as
a stiff! Until dealers and consumers
see the system running reliably, it
will not be accepted as the Apple II
has been. The tragedy is that public
perception lags behind the actual im-
provements by three to six months;
programmers who could solve the
software shortage are reluctant to in-
vest time in a machine which they
hear has problems. Only time can
cure this one, depending on the rate
of improvement of the Apple Ilfs
public image.

The Goodies

Now that I’ve spent your time tell-
ing you about the checkered history
of the Apple ///, why should you be in-
terested in hearing more about the
thing? Because the Apple III is a
uniquely well-designed personal
computer system, remarkably

powerful, and it has been plagued by
stupid things like bent pins, solder
bridges, corporate PR games (“what
clock?”) and negative attitudes. The
Apple III itself deserves a closer look.

The most obvious factor in the Ap-
ple Ill's design is the legacy of the Ap-
ple II. The III reflects many of the
things that were done right on the II,
such as expansion capabilities; and
corrects some of the hassles of the II,
such as combining all languages
under one operating system. With
the Apple II as a sound base, the Ap-
ple Ill's design begins to take form.
The standard memory configuration
is 128K RAM. The microprocessor
starts out as a 6502 A, a faster ver-
sion of the Apple II’s brain, and then
has its capabilities enlarged by some
additional circuitry. The built-in disk
drive is basically the same as the
ones we get for Apple IIs, with the
same 140K bytes of data per disk-
ette. Up to three more drives can be
plugged into the back with no addi-
tional controller needed.

The Apple Ill's keyboard is a more
complete version of the II’s. All 128
ASCII characters are typeable, in-
cluding full upper/lower case and
alpha lock key. All keys have auto-
repeat just by holding them down. A
numeric keypad sits adjacent to the
main keyboard. There are arrow keys
for all four main points to the com-
pass, and each of these keys has
auto-repeat with two speeds,
depending on how hard the key is
pressed.

The Apple III provides three differ-
ent forms of text screen output, start-
ing with the 40-character wide by
24-line high screen we see on the
standard Apple II (40 x 24). The sec-
ond mode is 80 characters wide by
24 lines high (80x24). The third
mode is 40 x 24, but with the capa-
bility to make each letter, and each
letter’s background, any of 1 6 colors!
But the real topper is that for all three
text modes, the character set is de-
fined in Random Access Memory
(RAM), not frozen in Read-only
Memory (ROM). This means that you
can redefine the way characters look;
so you can print different fonts,
Japanese characters, even charac-
ters that look like horses. (Uh
huh. . .that 16-color horse demo
you see isn’t graphics at all; it’s text
mode, with the characters
redefined.) Those of you who have
seen the Hi-Res Character Generator
in Apple’s DOS Tool Kit are familiar

PAGE 20

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

with the technique of redefining the
character set. However, there’s a big
difference: on the II, this has to be
done in graphics mode, and it’s slow.
On the ///, it’s done in text mode, so
it’s just as fast to print horses, frogs,
and Greek as it is to print the English
alphabet.

One of the Apple Ill's more inter-
esting concepts is its lack of ROM;
the only ROM code in the machine is
a 4K byte program which simply runs
a quick test on the unit’s hardware
and then boots the disk. Once that
disk is done, this ROM is replaced in
memory by RAM — no space wasted.

If you’re familiar with the Apple H’s
insides, you know that the memory
from $C000 to $CFFF is used for in-
put/output by built-in and peripheral
devices. Well, in the Apple ///, that’s
how it’s used too. .. sometimes.
There’s another neat little trick in the
III that causes this area to be RAM
too. Those of you in the audience
who are quick-witted will notice that,
with the switches set properly, the
Ill's memory looks an awful lot like

an Apple II; at other times, the whole
memory space becomes RAM. (See
Figure 1).

Why have all this RAM? It makes
the Apple III very “open-minded”.
With no language in ROM, the III
doesn’t lock itself to the present
selection of languages. If the Apple II
had been made with all RAM, we
wouldn’t need a Language Card to
run Pascal. Of course, we would have
had to load BASIC by cassette, since
the disk drives didn’t exist when the II
first appeared. But with the///, every-
body has a disk drive, so loading the
language — any language — is fast
and easy. By the way, not only does
the III load the language from disk,
but also all the operating software,
the character set, even the keyboard
layout which designates how the
keys correspond to the character set.

Speak to Me

The Apple III has interfacing capa-
bilities too. Even the standard I/O is
kinda fancy. For example, there are
three different video signals avail-

able: NTSC (standard) black and
white; NTSC color, and RGB (studio
quality) color. The black-and-white
plug causes the colors to appear as
sixteen shades of gray. There are also
three different audio generators.
One makes a beep, another makes
various one-bit sounds (just like the
Apple II), and the third is a 6-bit
digital-to-analog converter that gives
greater resolution to sounds.

The Apple III has a serial interface
built in, suitable for hooking up
printers and modems. There is also a
built-in interface for Apple’s Silen-
type printer. The Silentype connec-
tor and one other port are also joy-
stick hookups, and it’s quite simple
to modify many of the existing joy-
sticks for use with the III.

Inside the Apple are four 50-pin
slots very much like the ones in the
Apple II. In fact, the FCC may not like
it, but you can plug in many Apple II
peripheral cards and they will work
fine.

And Now, the Rest of the Story

This part is for the hobbyist, the
experimenters, and the curious
hackers among you. If you’ve had
your Apple II long enough to remem-
ber the discovery of (POKE 33,33) in
editing, the advent of the S. H. Lam
Monitor routine, or the first CHR$
function for Integer BASIC, then you
know what the early days were like.
Well friends, come join me as we ex-
plore the secrets of the Apple III.
Most of these things are not yet docu-
mented, but already they are starting
to become known. One day, Apple
Computer Inc. will document them,
and then we’ll all know these things
work to a very high degree. Until
then, we present for your interest,
CJntold Stores of the Apple ///!

1. The Monitor Lurks Within

Inside that 4K diagnostic/boot
ROM mentioned earlier is the first
real development tool available for
the ///: the Monitor. The Monitor is
based on the Apple II Monitor.
Several commands are the same as
the II; specifically: the ones for dump-
ing, moving, and verifying memory,
and the G command are the same.
The existence of this Monitor,
though undocumented publicly, is
now fairly well known. (But, people
at Apple have said that the Monitor
may not be included in Apple Ills
after some point.— PCW)

Apple III Memory

Native mode

Emulation mode

$FFFF
$F000
$ E000
$ D000
$C000

$80000

$0

Figure 1

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 21

Apple III Memory

8K used by system

bank 1

24k used by system

bank E

32k x 1 5 banks
user

$C000-$CFFF
can be I/O space

$F000-$FFFF
can be ROM

Figure 2

Here are the other commands:

A. (byte)c(addrs) . S

— searches the range of ad-
dresses (addrs) for the given
byte.

Example: B5< 3000.3FFFS

B. (blocknum) < (addrs) R
(blocknum) < (addrs) .

(addrs) R

— reads the disk from the
given block number into the
given addresses. Blocks are
512 ($200) byte chunks, as
with Pascal. One diskette con-
tains 280 ($118) blocks. If
you use the second form,
enough consecutive blocks to
fill the address space given will
be read.

Examples: 4A< 1000R (reads

$4A into $1000-$! IFF)

107 < 2500.28FFR (reads
blocks $107-108 into
$2500-28FF)

C. (blocknum) < (addrs) W
(blocknum) < (addrs) .

(addrs) W

— writes to the disk. Analo-
gous to the READ command
above.

D. (addrs) J

— performs a jump (JMP) to
the address given.

The Monitor comes up in 40-char-
acter mode. To switch to 80-column
mode, press (ESC)-8. Pressing
(ESC)-4 puts you back in 40-mode.
To put more than one command on a
line, put a slash between each pair.

To stop and start video output, press
the space bar. Press (TAB) to abort a
listing. To enter the Monitor, press
and hold (CTRL) and (OPEN APPLE)
down; press and release (RESET).
Keep holding the others until the Ap-
ple beeps. Have fun!

2. Banks for the Memories

One of the most oft-asked ques-
tions about the Apple III is, of course,
“How does the 6502 address all that
memory?” There are lots of cute
answers to that one: “Very care-
fully...”, ‘‘With mirrors...”,
“Slowly. . .”, and others. Actually,
the masses of memory in the III are
handled through the time honored
tradition of bank switching. Figure 2
gives you an idea of how it works.

First, you’ll note that the 32K
chunk from $2000 to $9FFF is repli-
cated a number of times. This is
called the User Area, and in the 5 1 2K
Apple III (theoretical for now) there
are 15 of these, numbered from $0to
$E. Each of these 32K areas is called
a bank. The one currently being ad-
dressed is determined by a memory-
mapped register called the bank
register (pretty tricky, eh?). This
register is located at $FFEF, and you
can change it in the Monitor. Nor-
mally, SOS handles all the necessary
switches between banks from high-
level languages. Oh . . . the present
128K Apple III contains three User
Areas, numbered $0 to $2. Some
owners have added a fourth area
($3). . .they hope. . .by upgrading
memory to 160K.

In addition to this switching of
RAM areas, the III has two other bank
switches. One controls the area from
$C000 to $CFFF, selecting whether
this space is RAM or I/O ROM. The
other controls $F000 through
$FFFF, which can be ROM or RAM,
as mentioned earlier. These switches
are kept in the environment register,
described next (read on!).

3. Environmental Impact

Some of the Apple Ilfs magic
tricks are controlled by another
memory-mapped register, the envi-
ronment register. This register is
mapped in at $FFDF and is shown in
Figure 3.

Explanation:

Bit 7: When in the Emulator mode,
this switch is set for 1 MHz to
emulate the Apple II’s clock.

PAGE 22

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Bit 6: This switch chooses what
goes in $C000-$CFFF (see
bank discussion above.)

Bit 5: This switch allows the video
generator to go off, thus
speeding up processing.

Bit 4: Turns off (RESET).

Bit 3: Used to write-protect

$C000-$CFFF in emulation
mode.

Bit 2: Maps the 6502 stack to a dif-
ferent location or normal
($100-$ IFF) location.

Bit 1 : Selects between two ROMs
which may be mapped into
the $F000-$FFFF space.

Bit 0: This switch chooses whether
RAM or ROM goes into
$F000-$FFFF.

Of course, this register may also
be manipulated in the Monitor.
Warning: it’s easy to lose control and
be forced to power off-and-on.
However, you can’t hurt the hard-
ware, so your investment is pro-
tected.

In future articles, we’ll cover some
of these items:

— How to write Invokable Modules
for Fun and Profit;

— How to communicate with the
omnipresent SOS;

— Low-level secrets of the Mysteri-
ous Keyboard;

— and even more!

Stay tuned to the Apple Orchard
for future developments, and per-
haps the Apple III will no longer be
“the Apple Nobody Knows’’.

Alan Anderson is a writer and
computer programmer who has
a number of products and prod-
uct improvements to his credit.
His articles have appeared in vir-
tually every popular journal of
the Apple III world, admittedly a
limited circulation so far. He is
also an advocate of chemical
spraying to prevent software
bugs.

Mr. Anderson purchased an
Apple III during the Dark Days,
and has stayed with it through
thin and thin. We hope to chron-
icle his and everyone’s progress
toward the brave new Apple lll 0
world.

B'T

USE

if off

if on

! 7

Microprocessor speed

2 MHz

1 MHz

6

$C000-$CFFF switch

RAM

I/O ROM

5

Video Output

off

on

4

RESET key

disabled

enabled

3

Write-lock $C000-$CFFF

unprotected

protected

2

Stack

alternate

$100-$ IFF

1

$F000-$FFFF

chip A

chip B

0

$F000-$FFFF switch

RAM

ROM

Figure 3

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 23

THE HERO, THE SWORD, AND THE APPLE

by Donald Brown

A new type of game has swept the
world’s computers. No longer are
gamers sweeping away foolish Klin-
gons (or Klarnons or Klopklops). No
more little bricks are being knocked
out. No invaders are being wiped out
with beeps and buzzes. Instead, the
gamers are wandering through
underground tunnels and old
houses, trying to defeat the puzzles
and monsters that abound.

These new games are called “role-
playing” games, although that isn’t
quite accurate because almost all
computer games put you in a differ-
ent role. (You don’t really clear
asteroid fields for a living, do you?)
The difference is that these games
have you directing the action of an
individual, not the ship or whatever
vehicle around him/her. These
games are the foster child (I might
use another parental description,
but not in a family magazine!) of a
non-computerized game called
“Dungeons and Dragons”.

So this article will try to shed
some light on these games — how
they came to be, what’s there now,
and what they might become. I’ll be
mentioning a new game called
SwordThrust, which in my unbiased
opinion is the absolute best Compu-
terized Fantasy Role Playing (CFRP)
game available today. (Mr. Brown’s
opinion of SwordThrust is under-
standable, inasmuch as he wrote
it.— Ed.)

The slew of CFRP games can
trace their inspiration back to the
first fantasy role playing game of
Dungeons and Dragons by Dave
Arneson and Gary Gygax. Although
many other FRP games (non-
computerized) have come along,
D&D is still the prototype for fantasy
role-playing.

In D&D and the like, roughly six
people get together to play the
game. All but one of the people
assume the roles of characters that
exist in a weird, magical world.
Numbers are randomly generated to
define how strong, agile, intelligent,
and attractive these characters are.
The players also buy armor, wea-
ponry, and other supplies for their
characters to use.

The remaining player is called the
Dungeon Master, and he represents
the rest of the universe. Before the
other people come, the Dungeon
Master designs a tunnel complex (or
a building, or whatever) that the
characters will be exploring. Then,
when everybody gets together, the
Dungeon Master runs the game by
telling the other players what their

characters see, and interpreting the
results of the characters’ actions.

For example, the Dungeon
Master might tell the party that they
are in a long corridor with a door at
the north end. One of the players
says that his character, Sidney the
elf, tries to open the door. Chuckling
evilly, the Dungeon Master tells the
group that the door was booby-
trapped; when it was opened, a trap-
door opened in the floor, and the en-
tire party fell in. They now find
themselves facing a dragon, one
flight down.

Eventually, the characters will
have killed all of the monsters, and
will have taken the treasure from the
place (or, will have been so badly
scared that they leave, vowing never
to return). These characters then re-

PAGE 24

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

turn to a town where they can pur-
chase new and better gear to be used
in the next set of crises to be devised
by the Dungeon Master.

No two ways about it, after a hard
day’s work at the office there’s
nothing that beats relaxing by
slaughtering an ore patrol. Unfor-
tunately, not only do you need a
fairly large number of people around
to play the game, but you also need
a person with a creative mind and a
capacity for work (read “sucker”) to
act as Dungeon Master. Not only
does Dungeon Mastering require a
lot of work, but a poorly run game is
worse than watching “My Mother the
Car” reruns on the boob tube. Since
the major problem in fantasy games
is the quality of the Dungeon
Master, there must be a better
way . . . and for one or two people
too, not only a larger group.
Hmmm . . . maybe a computer . . .

Enter Woods and Crowthers,
from MIT. They developed the first
game of Adventure. In it, you talked
to the computer, giving one- or two-
word commands as it led you
through the Colossal Caves. Your
goal was to pick up as much trea-
sure as possible by getting around
inanimate blockades. (Some of

these blockades were disguised as
monsters, but they merely sat there,
blocking your way. Speaking of
which, how do you get past the
green snake?)

Many other Adventure games
have been written. Although most
games use the same format as the
original Adventure, some games
have added graphics, trying to repre-
sent what you see on the screen. This
isn’t necessarily a step forward, as
the computer display images are far
less detailed than what the mind
might conjure up unaided. Put
another way, nobody can scare you
as thoroughly as you can. However,
the pictures on many adventures —
particularly the superlative “Wizard
and the Princess” by On-Line Sys-
tems — are quite good. Automated
Simulations has tried to satisfy both
sides by drawing a picture on the
computer’s screen, and also having
descriptions in a booklet to which
you can refer. Trying to lookup these
descriptions can be distracting, but
they’re there.

Probably the consistently highest
quality adventures have been written
by Scott Adams, but many other
authors have entered the act. A few
I’d personally recommend are “The

Wizard and the Princess” by On-Line
Systems, “Lords of Karma” by Ava-
lon Hill, and “The Prisoner” by Edu-
Ware (be prepared for hours of utter
frustration with this one).

What’s wrong with today’s crop of
games? Well, starting with a minor
gripe, I have grown very tired of
“Guess the Word 1 Want”. This is a
sub-game which the computer plays
with you; you know what you want to
do, but what syntax will enable the
machine to understand? The very
worst case I found was in one game. I
was standing in front of an open door
to the north of me. I want to go
through the door. I try “NORTH”,
“ENTER”, “ENTER DOOR”,
“ENTER BUILDING”, all with no
luck. Believe it or not, it wants and
will accept only “GO DOOR”, which
may come naturally to the Incredible
Hulk, but not to us semi-normal
types. The problem is confounded by
the fact that there is (usually) no way
to get a list of acceptable commands.
Even a list of the acceptable action
verbs would be a great help.

This is part of the overall problem
that any computer program is not
going to be as intelligent as a human
running the dungeon would be. A far
more serious result is that the com-
puter program will permit the player
to be no more creative than the pro-
grammer was. Example: a locked
door in the dungeon. Elsewhere, a
chopped-down tree. Aha. We’ll get
the tree and use it as a battering ram
to knock down the door. But if the
programmer didn’t tell the computer
what to do when a player tries this,
the computer can only give a small “I
DON’T UNDERSTAND” or “NO-
THING HAPPENS” (which is patently
ridiculous). Unfortunately, this prob-
lem is not likely to be solved; a good
human Dungeon Master will outper-
form the machine. (Whew!!— Ed.)

Another major area in which most
adventure games fall short in com-
parison to fantasy role-playing
games is in combat. Most Adventure
games simply do not have satisfying
combat rules. Combat is either pre-
determined (if you attack the first
beastie you kill it, if you attack the
second beastie it kills you, etc.); or
governed by one random number re-
gardless of conditions (you will kill
the dwarf 50 percent of the time, the
dwarf will kill you 25 percent of the
time, etc.). The non-computerized
games have a much richer combat
system, with your chance of hitting

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FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 25

(and how much damage you do)
based on a variety of factors such as
your dexterity, the weapon you use,
and your experience.

For the dedicated game-player,
the greatest shortcoming of the com-
puter games has been the survival
and growth of characters after each
episode. The non-computerized
D&D process involves such growth
in wealth and skills for the char-
acters. The party leaving a dungeon
has new knowledge that will help
them in the future, they have gold to
buy more supplies, and possibly a
powerful new weapon or two. In
many computer games, once your
character has killed the vile beastie,
has stripped the rooms of all their
treasure, or has escaped from the is-
land alive, that’s it. You could play
another game, or even play that
game again (if there is enough ran-
domness to make it interesting), but
all that effort you put into the dun-
geon and all of the wealth you took
out is irrelevant.

This concept of character growth
was important to me in writing
SwordThrust. The first or master
diskette has programs that control
the creation and equipping of your
new characters, and there is a cavern

provided as a scene for their explora-
tion and looting activity. Further ad-
ventures are and will be on separate
diskettes, but the characters’ per-
sonal histories and accumulations
will be stored. I have also tried to
make the combat situations more
realistic. The type of weapon you
choose has a great effect on how ef-
fective you’ll be with it; and the
longer you use a weapon, the better
you’ll become with it.

The “richness” of a game is pro-
portional to the amount of detail and
the number of alternative courses
and effects. These in turn are limited
by the computer’s available memory
and the disk’s capacity for storing
data. HiRes displays in particular are
large memory consumers. The two-
disk system is one solution to the
problem of memory capacity. And
with hard disk storage using the con-
tents of many diskettes on line. . .oh
boy!

What’s to come in CFRP games?
In a word, more. In addition to new,
exciting, and even more clever text
adventures, HiRes graphics adven-
tures are possible. Even animation.
Competitive games between two
players are in the planning stage.
This could even be two or more play-

ers with separate computers, con-
nected by ‘phone line and Modem.
How about games using speech syn-
thesizers and speech recognizers?
Games using bio-feedback units? As
with magic, with computers, all
things are possible.

But lo! Hear the muttering of mon-
sters from your RAM chips! See the
shine of gold glowing from your key-
board! Smell the mildewed walls ris-
ing from your disk drive! The dun-
geons are waiting. Put aside your
word processor, your CalcCalc pro-
gram, your checkbook ... and
come!

Donald Brown is a recent graduate
of Drake University. He became in-
volved in microcomputing when his
father bought an Apple II with a serial
number of 124. Many popular pro-
grams by him can be found in various
computer clubs’ program libraries,
including AUTOMATIC MENU,
STAR WARS ADVENTURE, FIZZ-
BIN, and THE WONDERFUL
WORLD OF EAMON. He is currently
working for CE Software, a new soft-
ware firm from Des Moines, IA. jigk

proval-T * ever laeara ^ QUgla ovtf ^ cata iogpt yoUX

PAGE 26

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

APPLE II DISK SOFT SECTORING

by Gary Morris

DISKETTE NIBBLIZING

Data stored on a diskette is en-
coded into nibbles. There are 128
possible nibbles (because bit 7 must
always be a 1), however some are re-
served for markers and sync. When
encoding data, the 256-8 bit bytes
are split up into 342-6 bit nibbles.

When writing nibbles it takes 32
microseconds to shift out the 8 bits,
plus one extra shift produces the
trailing zero.

A nibble is read from the shift re-
gister by waiting until the byte in the
shift register is negative (bit 7 is 1).
This signals that the nibble is fully
shifted in. The shift register is zeroed
before the shift is started, and all nib-
bles have a 1 in bit 7 so it is easy to tell
when the shift is complete. A bit is
shifted in every 4 microseconds, it
takes 32 microseconds to fill the shift
register plus an extra 4 for the 0 after
the nibble, for a total time of 36
microseconds.

*

* 1328. 14AF

1328-

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

1330-

FF

FF

FF

D5 AA

96 AA AB

1338-

AB

BA AA AB AB

BA DE AA

1340-

E9

83

FE

FF FC

FF

FF

FF

1348-

FF

D5 AA AD 96

96

96

96

1350-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1358-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1360-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1368-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1370-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1378-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1380-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1488-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1490-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

1498-

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

96

14A0-

96

96

96

DE AA

EB EE

FF

14A8-

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

SOFT SECTOR FORMAT

SYNC all $FF’s

DATA FIELD actual data nibbles

342 NIBBLES
256 BYTES

checksum of data,

CHECKSUM EOR of all data nibbles

TRAIL MARK $DE,$AA,$EB

inter-record gap
leading to next sector

SELF-SYNC DIAGRAM

bit

stream— > 011111111011

FB

A

Note: (1)

111111011111111011111111

SELF SYNC

The self sync feature allows the
software to search the data coming
from the disk entering at any point.
The program looks until it finds the
sync field. Then it locks on and steps
into the true data and address infor-
mation. The bit pattern is then read
in the proper sequence. Zeroes act as
frame for 8 bit sync byte. See the dia-
gram at the end of this article.

The following dump is of actual
nibbles that were stored on a disk-
ette. It is from a 16 sector disk. The
actual data contents of the sector
was 256 bytes of 0’s.

ADDRESS

MARKERS

$D5,$AA,$96

ADDRESS 4 pairs of nibbles, vol,
FIELD track, sector, checksum

TRAIL MARK $DE,$AA,$EB

inter-record gap,
contains sync nibbles.

SYNC all $FFs

DATA MARK $D5,$AA,$AD

FD

FE

FF

(2)

0111111110111111110111111110

FF

FF

FF

(1) Co-incidental entry point with
state-machine reading data.

(2) Found sync, 8 bit bytes all ones
tells software that data is properly^
framed to sync into data field. Att

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 27

HAM ’N APPLES

by Jim Hassler

WB7TRQ

Our Apple computers are like
common aspirins; every day, a new
use for them is found. Take for ex-
ample, my “other” hobby, Amateur
Radio. Another term for amateur
radio is “Ham” radio, and the Apple
and ham radio go together like ham
and eggs.

How would you like to have a
friend in Europe who has a great
program he has just finished and in
five minutes have it; even though
you live several thousand miles
away? It’s now possible.

Or, say you are having a problem
writing a program and it has you
stumped. You mention it to a friend
in Asia and right away he gives you
an answer for your problem.

You’re probably thinking that
you’re not the type of person to be-
come an amateur radio operator.
Let me mention the names of a cou-
ple of people who have been hams:
Steve Wozniak (who also flies an air-

plane). Ken Silverman, your Interna-
tional Apple Core President. And
quite a few other Apple owners, as
you’ll see shortly. Can you still say
you’re not the type?

Some of you just don’t have the
time required to study for the test;
more on this later. But that shouldn’t
stop you from enjoying part of ham
radio, because no license is required
to listen. (Now, tell me what your ex-
cuse is ... )

When a group of hams get to-
gether, it’s not called a “club”, it’s
called a “net”. There are currently
four Apple computer nets on ham
radio. One meets EVERY Sunday
night, two meet EVERY Saturday
morning, and the fourth meets on
Wednesday night. A great many
people just listen; the mail I get indi-
cates that we have a lot more re-
ceivers than transmitters out there.

Let’s look at what goes on during
a typical Sunday night “AppleNet”.

The net starts at 0100 GMT. That’s 6
PM in the Pacific time zone, 7 PM
here in Wyoming (Mountain time),
and 9 PM in The Eastern time zone.
Remember, this is EVERY Sunday.
You’ll find the Net at 14.329 MHz.
I’m “Net Control”, another word for
President. My amateur call sign is
WB7TRQ. (TRQ?? Lucky that Jim
wasn’t two applications lower in the
stack, or we’d really have confu-
sion.— PCW.)

The net starts with my giving out
all the information I have scrounged
during the past week. It may be the
latest on graphics for the MX80
printer, the latest on new stuff from
Apple and others, a report on a new
program that I have just received
and like or dislike. This is one of the
purposes of the Net; to evaluate new
software and hardware, and possibly
to help you make a better-informed
decision on whether an item is what
you’re looking for. We then go to

PAGE 28

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

AF6W and WA6SZC, Alex and
Micky in California, to see what they
have gleaned in the past week con-
cerning the Apple and anything
related to it. And so it goes . . . news
and more news about our favorite
computer.

We then ask if anyone has an Ap-
ple in need of repair and, if so, would
they please tell us what the problem
is. The Net is queried for someone
who may have the answer. (Two
Steves can be proud, because not
much time is spent on this part of
the Net). Next, we ask if there are
any check-ins outside North
America. If memory serves me cor-
rectly, Africa, England, Germany,
Iceland, Sweden, South America,
islands in the Caribbean and many
other countries and continents have
checked into “The Apple Computer
Net”. After talking to these far-away
countries, answering their questions
and receiving their comments, we
start taking “local” North American
check-ins. When someone asks a
question, the whole net of transmit-
ters is available to answer it. Each
question may not be answered that
week, but next week you can be sure
someone will have the answer. The
Net will last about three hours, so
you can imagine all the information
exchange that goes on.

Well, have I raised any interest in
ham radio? For those of you who
have a short wave radio, remember
14.329 MHz Sunday nights at 0100
GMT. The other Apple nets are more
or less local nets; you’ll probably
need to be within 700 miles of their
net control to receive them. They
are:

• West Coast Apple Net, Net Con-
trol WA6SZC, Mickey Hicks,
4301 Garnsey Lane, Bakers-
field, CA 93309. Meets EVERY
Saturday morning at 9 AM Pa-
cific time on 7.230 MHz.

• East Coast Apple Computer
Net, Net Control WA1UKZ,
Dave Allen, 19 Damon Road,
Scituate, MA 02066. Meets
EVERY Saturday morning at 9
AM Eastern time on 7.260 MHz.

• The fourth Apple Net is just get-
ting started. Net control is
WDOGRC up in the Dakotas,
which meets EVERY Wednes-
day night at 7 PM his local time
on 7.260 MHz.

Anyone wishing to start another
Apple Computer net at a different
time, day, or location is sure wel-
come to do so. Many of our mem-
bers have regular times set up to
meet their Apple friends on ham
radio. It takes a very good radio to
receive the ham radio frequencies;
one with the required selectivity to
separate all of the signals heard. If
you don’t have a radio, please don’t
buy one without first contacting one
of us or another ham. You could
make a very expensive mistake and
purchase what you think is a good
radio, but which is not suited for
ham radio.

Any Hams reading this who would
like to set up a meeting with me to
just rag chew about the Apple, drop
me a line or ‘phone me (see the
masthead page in this issue) and we
can switch over from Ma Bell to Ham
Radio. One sidelight to the Apple
Computer Net is our public domain
exchange library, Apple Avocation
Alliance, 721 Pike Street, Chey-
enne, WY 82001. It has more than
2,000 programs so far.

Let’s leave our Apples for a while
and explain in some detail about ob-
taining an Amateur Radio License
from the Federal Communications
Commission. As I said earlier, you
need the license only if you wish to
transmit. Anyone can receive with
no license at all.

There are five different classes of
Amateur Radio licenses; Novice,
Technician, General, Advanced, and
Extra. The higher you do in your li-
cense, the more privileges you are
given by the FCC. Did you know you
can send and receive a form of TV
with your Apple? (Oops ... I said
let’s leave the Apples for a while,
didn’t I?)

The license most people start with
is Novice. The requirements for the
novice license are: To be able to
send “CW” (Continuous Wave, or
Morse Code) at five words per
minute; and to know very basic
radio theory. You don’t have to go to
the FCC office to obtain a Novice
license; any ham with a General or
higher license may administer the
Novice exam. If you don’t know a
ham in your area, contact me and I’ll
try my best to put you in contact
with someone in your area.

And how would you learn the
Morse Code? Well, we’re back to the
Apple. Send me a disk with a return
envelope and I’ll be glad to send you
a group of public domain programs
that teach you the Code with sight
and sound, on your Apple. How long
will it take to learn code at five
WPM? One week (7 days), 90
minutes a day will more than do it.
Break those 90 minutes down into 4
different periods each day. Don’t try
to do it all at once, and don’t skip a
day.

One week from when you start,
you should be ready to take your
code test. By the way, if you give the
code program I send you to the Ham
who is going to give you the test, he
may give you the code test using the
Apple to generate the code. The
Ham will send in the FCC form you
have filled out, and in a few weeks he
will receive your written test. Use
those few weeks to study basic radio
theory. There are several good
books on basic theory; your local
Ham or I can help you find them.

I did have hopes of being able to
supply basic Ham theory on a disk,
but that disk isn’t done. (Actually,
it’s not even started.) If any person or
group does have Novice theory on a
disk, please send it to me and I’ll
make sure it gets on the same disk
that the code is on.

There is a Question and Answer
book that gives samples of what
you’ll find on the FCC Amateur
Novice exam. It’s available from the
American Radio Relay League, 225
Main Street, Newington, CT 06111.
Ask for the “Novice Q & A Book”. In-
clude $2 U.S., $2.50 elsewhere. The
ARRL also publishes a magazine
called QST, devoted entirely to
Amateur Radio. Cost is $25 for 12
issues, same address. QST has arti-
cles directed at all levels of Hams,
from Novice to Extra, and plenty of
advertising, for new and used ham
equipment.

After the Ham examiner sends in
your written test, you may receive a
notice in about two weeks that you
failed. If nothing comes in about
three weeks, you can start to breathe
more easily, because if you have
passed, it takes about 6 weeks for
you to get your license. If you follow
my instructions, 95 percent of you
will pass and receive your licenses.
To those other 5 percent, who know

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 29

it all, well, join me. It took me three
tries to get my Novice license. Y’see,
I’d study code for 30 minutes one
day and then skip two or three days,
study for another 20 minutes and
skip a day. Then I’d wonder why I
couldn’t pass the durn code test. To
those of you who are going to say
you’re too old, too young, too busy,
too lazy, too anything to get your
ham license, I say that this is why
Ham Radio is so great: only those
who are willing to put out some ef-
fort will get the license. Did you ever
receive something for nothing that
was worth anything?

There is no cost for the Novice
license. It’s good for 5 years and may
be renewed. With your Novice
license, you may contact just about
the whole world. You will be learning
about Ham radio procedures and in-
creasing your code speed. You’ll
also be having a great deal of fun.

The next step up the Ham ladder
is Technician. For this one, you
must take a tougher written test on
ham radio theory, but the code

THE INSPECTOR

These utilities enable the user to examine data
both in the Apple’s memory and on disks. Simple
commands allow scanning through RAM and
ROM memory as well as reading, displaying and
changing data on disk.

Read and rewrite sections of Random Access files.
Reconstruct a blown VTOC. Weed out unwanted
control characters in CATALOG listings.
UnDELETE deleted files or programs. Repair files
that have erroneous data. All without being under
program control, and more

You may transfer sectors between disks. This
allows you to transfer DOS from one disk to
another thereby saving a blown disk when all that’s
blown is DOS itself; or to restore a portion of a
blown disk from its backup disk.

Its unique NIBBLE read routine provides a Hi-Res
graphical representation of the data on any track
allowing you to immediately ascertain whether
your disk is 13 sector or 16 sector. Get an I/O
err or... is it because you have the wrong DOS up?
is it because of a bad address field? or a bad data
field? or because a track was erased? This will
allow you to tell in an instant without blowing away
any program in memory.

speed requirement remains 5 WPM.
If you know radio and 5 WPM code,
you could go directly to Technician,
skipping Novice. Tests for Techni-
cian and up are only given at FCC
offices.

After Technician comes the Gen-
eral class. This one has the same
level of difficulty as the Technician
in the theory test, but the code re-
quirement is higher; it’s 13 WPM.

Next is the Advanced class li-
cense. Now the written test starts to
get hard; ask me, I’ve failed it four
times. But that’s because I’m using
Jim’s “I don’t need to study” way; in-
stead of studying, I just wish. (Well,
maybe the time Jim consumes with
his Apple and IAC responsibilities
has something to do with having lit-
tle time to study. . . — PCW) As I
said before, nothing comes for
nothing; someday I’ll wise up. The
code requirement for Advanced is
the same as for General.

At the top is the Extra class. The
written test must have been created
by an engineering Ph. D., and the
code requirements are 20 WPM.
Whew!

Each time you upgrade your
license the FCC gives you a larger
range of frequencies to use, and per-
mits you to use some of the more
exotic ways of communication. Of
course, there is some snob appeal in
being able to say that you have an
Extra Class License. (I should have
that problem!)

But you don’t need that extra
class license to get started using
ham radio to increase the enjoy-
ment of your Apple, so it’s not as dif-
ficult as you may have thought, is it?
With a General license, you can
make contacts around the world
with other hams; exchange pro-
grams and information via ham
radio, and send and receive slow
scan TV using your Apple and ham
transceiver.

So we complete the circle; Apple
owners using ham radio to help
them enjoy ham radio. Check it out,
and you’ll agree that Ham ’n’ Apples
is a great combination. With luck,
we’ll meet soon, on the air. ^

Until then, “73”. VP

APPLE DISK & MEMORY UTILITY

• Repairs Blown Disks

• Reads Nibbles

• Maps Disk Space

• Searches Disks

The INSPECTOR even lets you search through
an entire disk or through on-board memory for the
appearance of a string. Now you can easily add
lower case to your programs (with LCA).

Do you want to add so-called illegal line numbers
into your program? or have several of the same line
numbers in a program (like the professional
programmers do)? or input unavailable commands
(like HIMEM to Integer Basic)? or put quotation
marks into PRINT statements? Here’s the easy
way to do them all!

AND MORE

The INSPECTOR provides a USER exit that will
interface your own subroutines with those of the
INSPECTOR itself. For example, just put a
screen dump routine (sample included in
documentation) at HEX 0300 and press CTRL-Z.
The contents of the screen page will print to your
printer.

ROM RESIDENT ROUTINES

The INSPECTOR utilities come on an easily
installed EPROM. This makes them always
available for instant use. No need to load a disk
and run a program.

FULLY DOCUMENTED

Unlike other software of its kind, The
INSPECTOR comes with an EASY to
understand manual and reference card. Examples
and graphics help even the uninitiated use the
power of these utilities. And furthermore, we offer
the kind of personal service which you have never
experienced from a software vendor before.

• Searches Memory

• Edits Disk Sectors

• Outputs Screen to Printer

• Displays Memory In HEX/ ASCII

See your LOCAL DEALER OR . . .
Mastercard or Visa users call TOLL FREE 1-
800-835-2246. Kansas residents call 1-800-
362-2421. Or send $49.95. Illinois residents
add $3 sales tax.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

All Apple II configurations that have access to Integer Basic
(either in ROM or RAM) will support The INSPECTOR.
Just place the chip in empty socket D8 either on the mother
board or in an Integer firmware card. Apple 11+ systems
with RAM expansion boards or language systems will
receive the INSPECTOR on disk to merge and load with
INTBASIC.

And... if you have an Apple II+, without either RAM or ROM
access to Integer Basic, you will still be able to use The
INSPECTOR because we are making available 16k RAM
expansion boards at a very affordable price. Not only will
you be able to use The INSPECTOR, but you will also
have access to Integer Basic and other languages. Our
price for BOTH the INSPECTOR and our 16k RAM
board is $169.95, less than most RAM boards alone. Call
our office for details.

Another Quality Product from

Omega Software Products, Inc.

222 S. Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606

Phone (312) 648-1944

® 1981 Omega Software Products, Inc.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

PAGE 30

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

APPLE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

An Inexpensive and Efficient Approach

by Louis H. Milrad

The problem was simple enough,
but the solution appeared costly.
The result which I was endeavouring
to achieve was the ability to imple-
ment my Apple, which was to re-
main resident at my home, into my
legal practice without the expense of
acquiring a second computer. The
initial application which I had in
mind consisted primarily of main-
taining a diary and appointment
calendar as well as recording time
charges for my clients by way of
some form of data base manage-
ment. It was also my intention even-
tually to incorporate part of my
bookkeeping and accounting func-
tions on the computer.

My system configuration was
fairly simple: a 48K Apple II Plus, In-
teger Card, two disk drives, and a D.
C. Hayes Micromodem. Up until a
couple of months ago, my appoint-
ment calendar, consisting of day-to-
day appointments, reminders, etc.,
was maintained manually in my of-
fice, and entered into the Apple each
evening after arriving home. This
was followed by hard copy printouts
on an almost daily basis, which were
kept at my office for access by either
my secretary or myself. Needless to
say, the system was cumbersome
and less than suitable, for it only
provided my schedule for the imme-
diate future (probably no more than
two or three weeks in advance at any
one time), and there was always the
element that it was not completely
up to date. Any changes or additions
were entered manually, and of
course, due to my schedule chang-
ing two or three times a week with
new appointments and cancella-

tions, there was the continual prob-
lem of keeping my calendar current.
It became quite evident that more
immediate accessibility was re-
quired than what was available at the
time.

The problem might very well have
been overcome by removing the en-
tire system to my office. Of course,
this had many drawbacks, the main
one of which was the inability to
work on or play around with (prob-
ably the latter more so than the
former) my system in the evening or
on weekends when I had available
time at home. There was also the
practical difficulty of disrupting my
family life, turning my wife into a
computer widow and my children
into computer orphans.

In assessing the elements of a
practical solution to this problem,
two courses of action became appar-
ent to me. The first would have been
to acquire a second Apple, thereby
duplicating the expense already in-
curred in my system configuration.
There were certain advantages to
this approach in that I would be able
to run virtually any program on
either unit, and would not be re-
stricted with graphics transmission
and other telecommunication diffi-
culties. The cost, however, was a
major factor in persuading me that
this would not be the preferable
route to follow. A second solution
then came to mind which would cost
me virtually nothing to try out; and if
in fact it worked, would be a rea-
sonably economical approach to ac-
complishing my goal.

I was using a DEC LA34 as my
printer. Although the speed is some-
what limited to 300 baud maximum,
the quality of the unit as a printer in
that price range was more than at-
tractive; the price was in fact quite
instrumental in my determination to
acquire it. There was also an added
advantage which I had not bar-
gained for: not only was the DEC-
writer able to serve as a printer, but
its design capability included the
fact that it was an RS 232 hardcopy
terminal. The unit is quite transport-
able, being really not much larger
(and certainly lighter) than an IBM
Selectric.

Rather delighted with my reason-
ing, I transported the unit down to
my office in anticipation of being
able to control my Apple remotely; I
envisaged drawing upon the multi-
tude of programs that I had available
which were quite useful to my prac-
tice and, more importantly, having
available an immediate hard copy
printout. Just imagine how a client
would be impressed if, after discuss-
ing a proposed financing deal, I
could provide him almost imme-
diately with a printout comparing
the advantages and disadvantages
of leasing as opposed to outright
purchase; or even to furnish a com-
plete amortization schedule! If I
could draw upon this information
immediately, there it would be in
black and white for the client and
myself to assess.

Similarly, my calendar was
readily accessible. This gave me
greater flexibility than the normal

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

Z34
5*618 *t to II
12 13 HIS K> I? t$
HtoliUll MAZS
XUZStfJo 21

41

calendar

current

diary that one keeps in an office, for
it would extend beyond the calendar
year. In theory, I could diarize years
ahead and therefore advise a client
of the date and time of our meeting
and give him a hardcopy reminder;
or notify him through a reminder
system of the date of maturity of his
mortgage or likewise perhaps notify
him of a court date. At the same
time, I would be able to incorporate
periodic reminders and follow-up
items for myself. When I started
thinking about it, the applications
were virtually limitless.

All of my time and charges could
be recorded over the telephone
lines, and when it came time to bill a
client I could call up the file, get a
printout of the dates, time spent,
charges, disbursements and the
like; and to have all this information
immediately accessible so that in
theory all I would have to do is hand
it over to my secretary so she could
type it out in final form. As well, we
could concurrently start running the
bookkeeping function on the
computer.

I had already invested in the cost
of the terminal, so there would only
be one further expense, namely the
cost of a modem. With dollars in
hand, I immediately rushed to my
local supplier, purchased a Cat
modem, took it back to the office
and connected the RS 232 cable to
the terminal. I plugged it into the
wall, turned it on, dialed my home
number, put the receiver in the
cradle and waited . . .and waited. . .
and waited.

Nothing happened! I had forgot-
ten to incorporate an auto-answer

routine onto disk. I frantically called
home and (verbally) instructed my
wife to key in the auto-answer pro-
gram for the D. C. Hayes. Upon call-
ing back, I was delighted to see my
DEC print out the usual “Hello” pro-
gram with some additional garbage.
This was quickly remedied by play-
ing around with the DIP switches so
that the duplex, parity, etc. were all
properly set; the whole process took
approximately ten minutes. I then
took the Apple through a series of
routines starting with the old favor-
ite of CATALOG, re-booting, run-
ning, listing, stopping list, etc. It
worked beautifully!

In order to have the system func-
tion properly, it was necessary for
me to incorporate the auto-answer
program as my Hello program on
Disk 1; it was also necessary to
remove all graphics applications
from my programs so that, for ex-
ample, INVERSE and FLASH be-
came NORMAL video. The system
functions exceptionally well, but for
the occasional “hang”, which occurs
primarily in any program having a
graphic application not yet re-
moved. Fortunately, there is some-
one home at all times, so this merely
necessitates having to re-boot the
system; the frequency, however, is
greatly diminished and most of the
glitches have now been eliminated.

Now for a seemingly happy end-
ing. For merely the cost of a
modem, I am able to use it in my
practice on an almost hourly basis
while at the same time I have its full
capability available to me in the
evening and on weekends. I am cur-
rently toying with the idea of con-

PAGE 31

verting my programs to Pascal; it
will be interesting to see what effect,
if any, the Language Card will have
on the system or what effect expand-
ing the number of drives might
have. With two drives, there has not
yet been a problem of accessibility.
With the availability of DOS 3.3 and
increased storage on disk, no further
disk drives have been necessary, in
the short run at least.

It is interesting to note that in
order to exit the system in a hurry, I
merely hang up the receiver at my
office. Subsequently, when re-enter-
ing the system, because of the auto-
answer mode, the system will
answer at the same point as when
exited. (The auto-answer program is
furnished in hard copy by D. C.
Hayes as part of its manual.)

There is one difficulty, that of be-
ing without a printer at home. I pro-
pose overcoming this particular set-
back by acquiring a used hardcopy
terminal such as a Texas Instrument
Silent 700, or a Teletype, having a
minimum of 300 baud. Maybe in the
short term, I’ll just rent a terminal
from one of the many suppliers in
the marketplace.

From a strictly business point of
view, I find this particular configura-
tion to work, and work rather well.
For me it fulfills the two most impor-
tant criteria, efficiency and econ-
omy, which is what it’s all about.

Louis H. Milrad is a Toronto
Barrister and Solicitor, whose
practice has been evolving to in-
clude more clients with compu-
ter interests since he purchased
an Apple II some four years ago.
The computer has become a
family affair; his wife, Elaine, is
enrolled in the Computer Sci-
ence program at York Univer-
sity for her own professional ad-
vancement. Mr. Milrad is also
President of Apple-Can, the
350-member Apple user group
based in Toronto, but having a
nationwide membership and af-
filiations. His interest was and is
in developing special interest
groups within Apple-Can. The
Apple Orchard masthead dis-
closes his latest appointment,
that of Special Interest Group
Co-ordinator for the IAC.

©Copyright 1981, QUAD Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tlie new programming aid
that makes programming
and debugging simple!

LIST

PRINTS THE CURRENT PROGRAM
IN MEMORY ON THE SCREEN.

CAN BE USED IN DIRECT EXECUTION
MODE OR AS PART OF A PROGRAM.

<s os

I

5 On

On the front side : Each command is boldly displayed, along with a
description of what the command does.The large index number in the
right corner allows for easy filing and reference.

On the back side: You’ll find format examples for the primary’
command applications. Concise, accurate, time-saving, and easy to
understand — a remarkable change from having to dig through
manuals for specific information.

f

A deck of 1 02 easy-to- read Q-CARDS has all the Applesoft
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calls. And it’s all there at aglance— no more hunting through
manuals. Designed for home-computer users, Q-CARDS
cut through all the complications to offer command
instructions which are easy to find and easy to follow.
They’re unbeatable as learning aids for beginners, and
provide a quick format reference for the experienced:
perfect for home, office or instructional use.

LIST

PRINTS THE ENTIRE PROGRAM.

LIST 150

PRINTS LINE 150

LIST-150

PRINTS FROM THE BEGINNING OFTHE PROGRAM
UPTO LINE 150

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NOTE: TO STOP A LISTING PRESS CTRL S
TO RESTART PRESS S

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NOTE: Payment in U.S. Dollars only. Make
checks payable to QUAD Systems,
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outside the U.S.

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Q-CARDS for the following languages:

Name

Company or School (if applicable)

□ Please send information
quantity discounts.

about

Address_

City

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Phone 1

-Zip-

Signature .

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 33

DATA COMMUNICATION

by Rob Stewart
from The Harvest

Data Communication! It sounds
interesting, but what kind of data,
why would I want it, what can it do for
me, where can I get it, and most im-
portantly, what does it cost?

By “data communication”, I mean
the transfer of information between
one location and another. It need not
be two computers, but it is generally
at least one. (Obviously, there are
several different and more precise
definitions, but this one will serve us
quite well.) The transfer of data is
conducted with the aid of Ma Bell,
over existing dial-up telephone lines.
To perform this transfer, your com-
puter must be given a voice; one that
it and any other computer can under-
stand, provided they speak the same
language, the same dialect, and
don’t have an accent problem.

The “voice” is called a MODEM,
for MOdulator/DEModulator. This
unit translates computer informa-
tion, l’s and 0’s, into little spurts of
certain frequencies; and conveys
these chirps and squeaks into the
’phone line. You can hear a version of
this kind of data transfer if you have a
cassette recorder hooked up to your
Apple. The speed with which the
modem can send and receive this
noise is called its BAUD RATE. Now,
you want to know what a “baud” is. A
simple explanation is that it’s a mea-
sure of transmission speed; 300
Baud is at least 300 bits per second,
which is a little more than 30 char-
acters per second. (A full explanation
is more complicated, and neither
you nor I need that here.)

The link between modems isn’t
that difficult; being basically stupid,
modems need to know constantly if
there is another modem on the line.
To fulfill this need to know, the ori-
ginating modem sends out a certain
CARRIER tone, telling the other

modem that somebody’s here, and
will be transmitting. The responding
modem returns with its own carrier.
If either carrier is ever missing from
the line, then the communication
link has been lost and must be re-
established.

Once you have a communications
link established, you have to worry
about the language and the dialect.
The standard ‘language’ for data
communication is the American
Standard Code for Information Inter-
change (ASCII), although some com-
panies use other standard or custom-
made languages. (The ‘language’ is
just an agreement that an “A” is an
“A” and not a “B”.) Each letter, num-
ber, and symbol has its own code.

The “accent” has to do with the fre-
quencies that the modem uses.
Modems are set up both to transmit
and receive data. If the modem can
receive and transmit at the same
time, it’s called FULL DUPLEX.
When using full duplex, you do not
see what you type as you type it.
Rather, you wait for the other system
to receive and send back the char-
acter that it received, for your inspec-
tion and verification.

If the modem can only transmit or
receive at one time, it’s called HALF
DUPLEX. In half duplex, your system
prints the outgoing character, with-
out verification; you have no turn-
around of characters from the other
end. Why would you want to use the
half duplex mode? Half duplex is use-
ful when sending large blocks of
data, because the data transfer rate is
much faster if the verification is eli-
minated. However, if you are sending
large amounts of data, more than
one character at a time (half duplex),
then you need to know such things as
“I got your first record”, or “got your
second record, but wait before send-

ing another”; “are you there?”;
“goodbye”, etc. This is called PRO-
TOCOL. Protocol is used mainly on
larger computer systems when
transmitting vast amounts of data.
There are now few uses (but the num-
ber is growing) for protocols in the
mini-computer field. The most
notable current example is transmis-
sion of programs from one system to
another.

When using half duplex mode, the
modems manage the ’phone line in
such a way that only one modem is
transmitting at a time. This is done
by looking for a CARRIER signal.
When your computer wishes to send
some data, it informs the modem by
a signal called Request to Send
(RTS). The modem then checks to
see if carrier is present on the ’phone
line. If there is carrier present, that
means another modem is preparing
to transmit. If no carrier is present,
your modem turns on its carrier to
get control of the ’phone line. It then

PAGE 34

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

returns a signal to the computer
called Clear to Send (CTS). Then and
only then will your computer ship out
its data. One of the advantages of
half duplex is that any number of
modems may be connected to the
same ’phone line, because only one
modem is sending at a time.

In general, full duplex is used for
human interface where transmission
of one character at a time is desired.
Half duplex is used when blocks of
data are being sent between compu-
ter and computer.

In full duplex mode, if the transmit
and receive frequencies were the
same, then the modem would be
talking to itself. Not very effective,
but sometimes useful for testing the
modem. Modems communicate us-
ing pairs of frequencies. Modem 1
will transmit on Frequency A and re-
ceive on Frequency B. To have com-
munication, Modem 1 must transmit
on Frequency B and receive on Fre-
quency A. This is called ORIGINATE
MODE and ANSWER MODE.

If all you are doing is sending one
character at a time (full duplex), then
dialect won’t be a problem. If there is
a problem with a block of data, the
protocol mechanism is designed to
test and recover or re-send the bad
block of data until it is received
properly.

What kind of data? In the begin-
ning there were only programs avail-
able for transferring from one system
to another. This has gradually
changed. Now there are appearing
around the country systems which
will download a program to you
either for free or at some reasonable
(or perhaps unreasonable) price.
These programs, the ones you pay
for, are usually less expensive than
similar programs in the local stores,
because of the lack of documenta-
tion, packaging, and overhead costs
that are included in the standard dis-
tribution network. The lack of docu-
mentation means that these pro-
grams must be “self-documenting”.
If there is no charge, then you get
what you pay for, but most people
don’t intentionally program in a con-
fusing manner.

We are now beginning to see the
first glimmer of the uses of home
data base communication. There are
now several large and varied data
bases available to individuals who a
300 Baud modem. Some of the
things which are available are cur-
rent stock prices and stock histories,

airline flights and reservations, wire
service news bulletins, sports info,
gold and money prices, personal
banking . . . the list could go on and
on, and it’s growing constantly. So if
you want something that isn’t around
yet, just wait a few months ... or get
together with a couple of people and
develop it. Most of these data bases
aren’t sold; rather, access to the
information is rented. The Source
and Micronet are two examples of
the large timesharing companies
which feature large on-line data
bases. For access to these “compu-
ter utility” services, you pay some
type of subscription fee, and then a
connect charge or time charge each
time you use the service.

A “do it yourself” kind of home
data communication is the compu-
ter Bulletin Board System (BBS).
This is a system with the necessary
software and hardware, that will
answer the telephone and allow you
to access the files of the system.
These files are messages that have
been posted by other people, in
much the same way as messages are
posted on a regular bulletin board.
Subjects cover a wide variety of inter-
ests. You won’t generally see any that
are lewd, crude, or abusive, because
the system operators remove those if
they appear. You can learn a number
of very interesting things from read-

ing the messages on these systems,
and your local computer store will be
happy to show you what the BBS sys-
tems are like.

What does it cost? There are two
basic ways to accomplish data com-
munication. The first is with a full fea-
ture modem such as the D. C. Hayes
Micromodem. You can plug it into
the Apple, and directly into a ’phone
line jack after you have notified Ma
Bell that you are doing so. The unit is
direct -wire connected, and does its
own dialing and telephone answer-
ing. See the directions that come
with the hardware.

The second way is with an acoustic
coupler-type modem driven by the
Apple through its Serial Interface
card. The acoustic coupler is the one
where you dial the number yourself,
and then place the telephone re-
ceiver in a rubber cradle to put the
Apple on the line.

Both methods will wind up costing
about $450. 1 went the Micromodem
route because it’s more convenient.
As yet, I know of no full-feature
modem for the Apple which will
communicate at 1200 Baud. 300
Baud is fine for people, but it is very
slow for massive data transfer.

Consider joining the home data
communications revolution; it IS
happening right now, with or without
you.

Cri £ SfEAK 'Vo VoOc**.

The Evan’s Report Is In There -Somewhere!

The old-fashioned mess of paper filing
systems can drive you over the edge. You
waste time and money in inefficient
searching and manual sorting. In today’s
business environment, this is both outdated
and unnecessary.

DATADEX, the information organization
system from IUS, hands you your valuable
information immediately — when you need
it from your APPLE II desktop computer.

You view your stored information on the
APPLE™ screen or create reports with simple
commands. DATADEX provides just the
detailed and professional looking reports
needed in today’s business world.

With DATADEX, management performance
is improved using faster, more accessible
information and, best of all, DATADEX has
been shown to pay for itself in two months of
normal secretarial time. Visit your local
dealer and experience DATADEX your-
self. IUS, 281 Arlington Ave., Berkeley, CA
94707 (415) 525-9452.

jffl He lifometioi Organization System.

PAGE 36

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Product Reviews

UNITEXT

Text display module — with lower
case

Reviewer: Steve Lloyd

From: Dockside Computing, P.O.
Box 5030, Westlake Village, CA
91362

Like many other Apple users, I
have always been disappointed by
the Apple’s inability to display lower
case letters. Sure, there have been
lots of ways to get around this short-
coming, but up until now there hasn’t
been anything that met my few, sim-
ple, requirements.

I was looking for something that is
very simple to operate. I like the idea
of making some simple changes to
DOS and possibly some of the larger
application programs; and I don’t
want to have to do something special
every time 1 want to use lower case.

I was also looking for a character
set that is easy to read. True lower
case descenders without crowding
any of the characters is a must. For
my own use, the looks of a character
set don’t make all that much differ-
ence; however, like many other Ap-
ple owners, I’m not the only one who
uses the Apple. Wife, children,
mother-in-law, cats, dogs, and the
occasional frog all have access to it.
It’s tiring to explain to all of them that
that funny-looking squiggle is sup-
pose to be a “g”. (Try telling that to a

frog sometime; they just don’t
listen.)

Finally, I was looking for some-
thing that is easy to install, not things
like “just cut this trace, run these
jumpers, solder here, and change
these few integrated circuits. . I
have more respect for my Apple than
that.

All of my expectations seem to
have been met by a product called
“ClniText”. The manufacturer, Dock-
side Computing, calls it a universal
text display module for the Apple,
and it comes very close to being ex-
actly that. The device consists of a
small printed circuit board with
several chip extenders. Installation
requires a # 1 Phillips screwdriver
(and a small soldering iron if you
want to make the optional shift key
modification described below). The
changes required are very easy to
make and can be accomplished in
less than a half hour.

The ClniText package includes the
lower case adapter, documentation,
and a disk of Pascal and BASIC
demonstration programs. The docu-
mentation is very well done, 26
pages of extremely detailed informa-
tion on the installation, operation,
and software interfacing of ClniText.
Much of this is repeated in the tutor-
ial demo program on the disk which
allows you to see GniText in action
after it is installed.

The character font is excellent, re-
quiring no squinting and no explana-
tion (not even to the frog), and as
good as any 7x8 dot matrix charac-
ter can be. It contains all of the ASCII
characters including true lowercase

descenders and all of the special
characters. Since GniText is
EPROM-based, a whole new set of
characters could be designed by us-
ing a reprogrammed EPROM.

With a shift key modification, the
Apple will recognize the shift key for
all of the alphabetic (A..Z) characters
of the keyboard. It requires one
solder connection to the underside
of the keyboard; the longest part of
the job is heating up the iron. Gni-
Text also supports a Ctrl-Q shift lock
feature in case you don’t want to
modify your Apple and void your
warranty.

The cost of GniText (about $80) is
a bit high when compared to similar
devices on the market, but the real
test is the cost/benefit ratio. That is
something everyone will have to cal-
culate for himself/herself.

I tested GniText with several text
editors (Apple Writer, The Corres-
pondent, Language system) and
found excellent results with all of
them. It performs well in BASIC as
well as Pascall II. 1 (it doesn’t work
with Pascal 1.1, but that’s coming
soon). Gse of GniText with the lan-
guage system gives a whole new
dimension to word processing with
the built-in editor. Frankly, I’m
impressed.

In summary, GniText provides
lower case display on the Apple
40-column screen. Installation is
very easy; less than a half-hour. It has
a crisp, clear font with true de-
scenders. Gse with a variety of soft-
ware products is very easy and pro-
duces excellent results.

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 37

Tic, Tic, Tic,— Turn On Light
Tic, Tic, Tic,— Start Coffee-
Tic, Tic, Tic,— Turn On Radio-
Tic, Tic, Tic,— Turn Off Sprinklers

Reviewer: Ken Silverman

From Thunderware, Inc., P.O. Box
13322, Oakland, CA 94661

Here, without the need for any ad-
ditional plug-in peripherals, is a
clock which also can control a BSR/
X-10 controller. Thunderclock Plus
(tm) by Thunderware is a two-peri-
pheral system on one card.

The clock portion keeps track of
the time with an accuracy of .00 1 % ,
and can be accesed by your pro-
grams very easily. The month, day
(and day of the week), hour (AM/PM),
minute and second can be obtained.
The only drawback I found was the
lack of the year. Other features in-
clude 24 hour format if needed, and
an on board battery to keep the clock
running when the Apple’s power is
off. Typical battery life, according to
the spec sheet, is 3 to 4 years.

The Plus portion allows the con-
trol of a BSR/X- 1 0 via an ultronsonic
transducer connected to the clock
board. You can, with the “sched-
uler” software, available thru
Thunderware, completely control
the BSR. It can schedule events daily,
weekly, or monthly, even at specific
dates and times. It allows you to
DIM/BRIGHT your lights at 128
levels and for any duration. This can
all be done in the “background”
while you are using your Apple for
other work. You have use of good in-
terrupt rates with a resolution of
/2048th of a second, for those who
might wish to write a multitasking
program.

One of the newer items of interest
dealing with this clock is that it will
work in and with the Apple III com-
puter as well as the Apple II. Since
there is no longer(or, more correctly,
since there never really was) a clock
chip included with the Apple///, here
is one of the first peripherals for that
larger computer.

Thunderware also makes avail-
able a Pascal disk to interface the
clock and BSR with your Pascal pro-
grams. I can’t give any direct feed-
back on how wel 1 it works with Pascal
because I have no experience with
that language. The cost of the pack-
age, including clock board, X-10 in-
terface option, and Scheduler soft-
ware, is $189.00.

ABM (ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE)

Defend the East Coast from other-
wise certain destruction!

Reviewer: John Dyscedeye

From the Muse Company, 330 N.
Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21201

ABM, in Defense jargon, means
Anti-Ballistic Missle, and you are
commanding the Coastal Defense
forces as they respond to enemy at-
tack. Your sector runs from Boston
to Richmond, and all of these cities
come under nuclear missle attack by
an unnamed enemy. Your mission is
to position the incoming missiles in
the target crosshairs and fire your
ABM’s to blow the invaders out of the
sky.

(Whoops — there goes Philadel-
phia!)

Using a joystick, there’s nothing to
it, almost. Using the paddles, you
find that with one controlling vertical
and the other controlling horizontal
motion, it gets a bit cumbersome.

(Hmmm. . .just lost Richmond.)

The enemy attack intensifies as
the game proceeds, and then there’s
the dreaded MIRV missile which
splits into multiple warheads. The
trick is to destroy the missiles before
the MIRV might split.

(Oh dam, not Boston too!)

As long as one city remains intact,
you’re still in the game. And when
the last city is destroyed, your score
is based on the number of missiles
you were able to destroy before that
unhappy event.

(Well, Baltimore went. . .no more
Muse.)

This is a good Hi-res representa-
tion, with fireballs and explosions,
and it does have a good “feel” about
it. The best review actually came
from the young members of the San
Francisco Apple Core. When we
demonstrated this program, among
others, at a recent meeting, it was
ABM that the folks requested we
leave up “just a little longer”.

I’m sure it was the program’s qual-
ity rather than West Coast smugness
that caused the favorable reception.
This one is worth having, as an exam-
ple of a “state-of-the-art” Hi-res com-
puter game.

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN AN APPLE II AND
AN APPLE II PLUS?

The only difference between
the Apple II and the Apple II Plus
is that the Apple II has Integer
BASIC and the “old” Monitor
ROM while the Apple II Plus has
Applesoft BASIC and the Auto-
start monitor ROM. Most of the
game programs available today
are written in Integer BASIC,
while most of the business,
scientific, and industrial pro-
grams require Applesoft. The
selection depends on your appli-
cation. Apple offers firmware
cards that will supply whichever
BASIC your machine does not
have. Another approach in-
volves use of the Language Card;
the DOS 3.3 System Master and
BASICS diskettes will load the
“other” BASIC as part of the sys-
tem boot process.

★ ★ ★

I’M HAVING TROUBLE WITH
INTERMITTENT OPERATION
OF A PERIPHERAL.

That could be due to a number
of reasons, but the problem usu-
ally comes about because of
some imperfect electrical
connection in a cable or a peri-
pheral card slot. Occasionally,
peripheral cards in the Apple
collect some oxidation on the
contact fingers which can cause
an intermittent connection. This
can result in various system
errors.

To clean off contacts, remove
the card. (ALWAYS TURN OFF
THE POWER BEFORE TOUCH-
ING ANYTHING INSIDE THE
APPLE!) Using a soft pencil era-
ser (“Pink Pearl” or such), gently
clean off the contacts. Replace
the boards, seat firmly, then re-
boot the system. If this does not
correct the problem, contact
your dealer for assistance.

PAGE 38

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

As microcomputers grow in popu-
larity, their uses wander far afield
from the original hobby hackers.
Two prevalent applications on Ap-
ples today are business manage-
ment and computer-based educa-
tion. While these fields would seem
to hold little in common, a joining
occurs in the realm of business edu-
cation. Business students these days
must learn computing to survive.
With one or several Apples installed,
a business school soon ponders how
the Apples might be used to aid in
courses unrelated to computer liter-
acy. This article describes the use of
an Apple-based computer simula-
tion in teaching microeconomics.
Bear in mind that business students
spend whole semesters studying the
subject, so what follows is necessar-
ily simplified.

Simply put, microeconomics is
the study of market forces acting on a
single firm. The most common prob-
lem is price setting. What prices
should a company set on its products
to be most profitable? To answer that
question, one must know the rela-
tionships between price and sales
volume, production volume and
cost, volume and profit, and the vari-
ous interactions with one’s competi-
tors. Just to say that fewer people buy
at higher prices is not good enough.
Price is as quantitative a measure as
you’ll ever see, for a price is a num-
ber. Anything short of numerical
derivation is merely hand waving.
Hand waving results in what econo-
mists enjoy calling "sub-optimal
conditions,” so we seek numerical
ways to solve the pricing problem.

Two equations characterize price
and profit behavior: the demand
equation and the cost equation. The
demand equation relates all relevant
variables to the volume of sales.

PRICE WAR

by Joe Budge

These can be the price itself, market
share, other market prices, advertis-
ing levels, seasonal cycles, and so
forth. Gross revenues equal calcu-
lated sales demand times the set
price. The cost equation relates pro-
duction volume and cost. Most com-
monly a fixed cost per unit is simply
multiplied by the sales volume to
give total cost. Additional factors to
consider include overhead and eco-
nomies of scale. Total profits are, of
course, the difference between reve-
nues and total costs.

A thorough understanding of the
equations involved requires diligent
study of hundreds of equations,
graphs, and examples. After a few
months of this, business students
tend to lose track of their real objec-
tive, learning price behavior. The
equations become an end in them-
selves. At this point, perspective
must be restored. The Price War
simulation is a tool which helps ac-
complish this.

The simulation pits teams of stu-
dents against each other in a price
war as they try to maximize team
profits. Ever since the oil embargo,
schools have had to stop giving their
students gas stations to practice
price wars with. The easiest alterna-
tive, one which doesn’t involve real
money, is computer simulation. A
computer can solve demand and
cost equations easily and more
quickly than occurs in real life. Thus
a useful lesson can be driven home in
one class period.

To play Price War, the students are
given some basic information about
the simulation. They know how
many teams will participate, what
the demand equation is, and that the
manufacturing cost of each unit sold
is $5.00. The demand equation ap-
pears in line 2520 of the program list-

ing. The demand equation is set so
that a team’s unit sales increase if the
team had high market share in the
previous period or had a low price
relative to other teams this period.
This means the team must con-
stantly trade off sales volume against
sales revenue while guessing what
the other teams will do.

The simulation begins with the in-
structor entering the number of
teams and the number of periods for
the session. Teams disclose their
prices in writing before each period.
Once the instructor enters these
prices, the Apple calculates the
results for that period and goes on to
the next. At the end of the game the
winning team is announced and the
printer can list a game summary.

With enough teams playing,
prices soon converge to match the
$5.00 unit cost. Price cutting gets
bad enough that teams attempt to
minimize losses instead of maximiz-
ing profits. With a known number of
periods, teams can also try for mar-
ket share early and plan on cleaning
up with a big price hike at the end.
Once these strategies have been
demonstrated by one team, all the
others follow. Then the simulation
becomes as boring as watching
sheep graze. To provide education
and entertainment, Price War incor-
porates two features. First, a ran-
domizer changes the actual number
of periods to fall within three of the
desired number. Thus no one really
knows when the game will end. Sec-
ond, the simulation includes a gov-
ernment which is just as fickle as our
own.

The Government and its capabili-
ties are kept a secret until actually in-
voked by the instructor. This does a
good job of showing how laws or
other adverse factors can whistle out

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 39

of nowhere to strike the unprepared
at any time. No indication of the
Government is given in the program
displays until the Government has al-
ready done something. The instruc-
tor may invoke Government when-
ever “press return to continue.” ap-
pears on the screen. Return will in-
deed allow the program to continue,
but several one-letter commands will
bring in the Government. Govern-
ment laws and their single letter
commands are as follows:

A — Antitrust. If one team is gobbling
up market share, the Govern-
ment can slap an antitrust re-
striction on the entire industry.
The antitrust laws will prohibit
any one team from selling more
than a specified number of units.
The instructor supplies that
number upon the program’s
prompt.

I — Inflation. With the money
presses rolling, the Government
causes cost inflation at a rate set
by the instructor. See how fast
prices can be adapted if the stu-
dents are awake and learn what
“cost-push” inflation is all about.

P — Price Controls. Under price con-
trols, teams are prohibited from
changing their prices by more
than a certain amount during
any one period. As with other
Government actions, the
amount is supplied by the in-
structor. As with real life, price
controls can be very nasty when
coupled with inflation.

X — Ends the game on the spot for
product obsolescence.

Any other keyboard character
sent to the Government will elicit a
list of the Edicts available for the
benefit of the absent-minded.

A sample program run (Figure 1)
accompanies this article to illustrate
a simple one-period price war. After
entering five teams and one period,
the instructor had his first chance to
play government. Having a poor
memory, he hit “?”, not an Edict, to
get a list of those available. This lets
the cat out of the bag as far as the stu-
dents are concerned, for they have a
clue what might happen later. At any
rate, the instructor enters an “I” to set
inflation at 20 percent before pro-
ceeding with the simulation. After
setting inflation the instructor could

have asked to issue another Edict,
but chose to press “Return” instead.
Then he obtained and entered the
team pricing information.

Once pricing data was entered, the
Apple calculated and displayed the
results. Note that only invoked
Edicts were shown. The cost was
shown only because inflation
changed at this point to play govern-
ment again. However, since the
simulation was finished the price war
ended instead, giving a summary of
the profit and market share winners.
After the game a summary of results
for each period could have been
printed out had that option been
elected by typing “Y” in response to
the question “Summarize game to
printer (Y/N)?

A complete listing of Price War ac-
companies this article. The program
was written in Applesoft on an Apple
II. A minimum of 32K of memory is
required. A printer is needed to sum-
marize the simulation results. The
printer interface card is assumed to
be in slot 1. The slot number can be
changed by substituting the appro-
priate number in program line 31 10.
As the program prints in 40-column
format, no adjustment is necessary
to accomodate parallel interface
cards.

I would like to acknowledge Wes
Magat of the Fuqua School of Busi-
ness of Duke University for his assis-
tance and suggestions with the eco-
nomics of Price War.

While earning an M.A. in Ana-
tomy, Joe Budge worked as a
teaching assistant for classes of
undergraduate and medical stu-
dents. His business experience
comes from several years as a
stockbroker. In 1977 he adopted
an Apple II and became a born-
again hobby hacker. In addition
to serving his second term as
Secretary of the I AC, Joe is Pres-
ident of the Carolina Apple Core
in Raleigh/Durham, NC. At the
moment he is starting his sec-
ond year of the MBA program at
Duke and just finished a summer
marketing internship with Apple
Computer. Contrary to popular
opinion, Bill Budge is not related
to him.

wvvuwwywvv^wvvwwww

PRICE WAR SIMULATOR
ENTER NUMBER OF PRICING TEAMS (1-16).

: 5

ENTER EXPECTED NUMBER OF GENERATIONS

( 1 - 20 ). : 1

PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE. ?

LIST OF GOVERNMENT EDICTS:

A - ANTITRUST LAW
I - INFLATION RATE
P - PRICE CONTROLS
X - EXIT GAME

ANY OTHER KEY - LIST OF EDICTS

ENTER EDICT: I

THE INFLATION RATE CHANGES!

INFLATION IS CURRENTLY 0% PER
PERIOD.

WHAT IS THE NEW INFLATION RATE? 20
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE.

PERIOD 1:

ENTER TEAM PRICE DECISIONS:

PRICE CHARGED BY TEAM 1 ?10

PRICE CHARGED BY TEAM 2 ?7 .5

PRICE CHARGED BY TEAM 3 ?12

PRICE CHARGED BY TEAM 4 ?6 . 75
PRICE CHARGED BY TEAM 5 ?8
RESULTS OF PERIOD 1:

TE PRICE SALES SHARE PROF CUM PR
AM

1

10

2367

.138

11835

11835

2

7.5

4209

.245

10522

10522

3

12

1644

.096

11508

11508

4

6.75

5196

.303

9093

9093

5

8

3699

.216

11097

11097

INFLATION RATE

= 20%

UNIT COST = $ 6

GAME OVER! PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE.

THIS PRICE WAR IS OVER.

MARKET SHARE LEADER IS TEAM 4
WITH .303 SHARE.

PROFIT LEADER IS TEAM 1
WITH $ 11835.

SUMMARIZE GAME TO PRINTER (Y/N) ? N
ANOTHER GAME (Y/N)?N

BYE . . .

VWWWWWWAVVVVW/JVW

PAGE 40

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

1000 REM *********************
1010 REM * *

1020 REM * PRICE WAR *

1030 REM * *

1040 REM * COPYRIGHT 1981 BY *
1050 REM *INTERNATIONAL APPLE*
1060 REM * CORE, INC. *

1070 REM * *

1080 REM * JOE BUDGE-7/11/81 *
1090 REM * MOD 5 *

1100 REM * *

1110 REM *********************
1120 REM

1130 REM WRITTEN IN APPLESOFT

1140 REM BASIC

1150 REM FOR THE APPLE ][

1160 REM

1170 REM PRINTER CONTROLS
1180 REM

1190 REM ON: LINE 3110

1200 REM OFF: LINE 3190
1210 REM

1220 REM LIMIT VARIABLES:

1230 REM TMMAX-MAX # OF TEAMS
1240 REM N-INPUT NO. OF TEAMS
1250 REM GNMAX-MAX # GENERATION
1260 REM G-INPUT # GENERATIONS
1270 REM R-RANDOMIZED # OF GEN
1280 REM

1290 REM INDEX VARIABLES:

1300 REM GC-GENERATION COUNTER
1310 REM T-TEAM INDEX
1320 REM

1330 REM DATA VARIABLES:

1340 REM A- ANTITRUST LAW
1350 REM C-COST PER UNIT
1360 REM I-INFLATION RATE
1370 REM P-PRICE CONTROLS
1380 REM PAV-AVERAGE PRICE
1390 REM QT-TOTAL UNIT SALES
1400 REM X-SCRATCH VARIABLE
1410 REM Y- SCRATCH VARIABLE
1420 REM X$-SCRATCH STRING
1430 REM

1440 REM DATA ARRAYS:

1450 REM P(T ,GC)-PRICE
1460 REM Q(T, GC)-SALES
1470 REM M(T,GC) -MARKET SHARE
1480 REM PI (T,GC) -PROFIT
1490 REM PT(T , GC)-CUM PROFIT
1500 REM A(GC) -ANTITRUST RECORD
1510 REM C(GC)-C0ST RECORD
1520 REM I (GC) -INFLATION RECORD
1530 REM PC(GC)-$ CONTROL REC.
1540 REM
1550 REM PROGRAM:

1560 REM ***************

1570 REM

1580 REM SET ARRAY LIMITS:

1590 LET TMAX =16

1600 LET GNMAX = 20

1610 REM DIMENSION DATA ARRAYS

1620 DIM P(TMAX, GNMAX)

1630 DIM Q(TMAX, GNMAX)

1640 DIM M( TMAX, GNMAX)

1650 DIM PI (TMAX, GNMAX)

1660 DIM PT( TMAX, GNMAX)

1670 DIM A( GNMAX)

1680 DIM C( GNMAX)

1690 DIM I (GNMAX)

1700 DIM PC (GNMAX)

1710 REM TITLE & SET UP
1720 TEXT : HOME : SPEED= 255
1730 VTAB 5: IiTAB 10: PRINT "PRI
CE WAR SIMULATOR"

1740 VTAB 15

1750 PRINT "ENTER NUMBER OF PRIC
ING TEAMS (1-”; TMAX; ” ) . ,:

INPUT ”";X$

1760 REM NEXT 4 LINES ALLOW FOR
1770 REM MOST INPUT ERRORS:

1780 REM -OUT OF RANGE, OR
1790 REM -BLANK ENTRY.

1800 REM USEFUL FOR ALL NUMERIC
1810 REM INPUTS.

1820 IF LEN (X$) < 1 THEN 1750
1830 LET N = VAL (X$)

1840 IF N < 1 THEN PRINT "THERE
MUST BE AT LEAST ONE TEAM."
: GOTO 1750

1850 IF N > TMAX THEI)i PRINT "ON
LY " ; TMAX ; ” TEAMS ARE ALLOWE
D.": GOTO 1750

1860 PRINT "ENTER EXPECTED NUMBE
R OF GENERATIONS (1-";GNM
AX;"). :";: INPUT "";X$

1870 IF LEN (X$) < 1 GOTO 1860
1880 LET G = VAL (X$)

1890 IF G < 1 THEN G = 1
1900 IF G > GNMAX THEN PRINT ”0
NLY "; GNMAX;” GENERATIONS AL
LOWED.": GOTO 1860
1910 REM RANDOMIZE NUMBER OF
1920 REM GENERATIONS TO A
1930 REM LINEAR DISTRIBUTION
1940 REM (N +/- 3)

1950 REM TO REDUCE END GAMING
1960 IF G = 1 THEN Y = 0: GOTO 2
050

1970 LET X = RND (1)

1980 LET Y = - 3

1990 IF X > .1428 THEN Y = - 2

2000 IF X > .2856 THEN Y = - 1

2010 IF X > .4284 THEN Y = 0

2020 IF X > .5712 THEN Y = 1

2030 IF X > .7140 THEN Y = 2

2040 IF X > .8568 THEN Y = 3

2050 LET R = G + Y

2060 IF R < 1 THEN R = 1

2070 IF R > GNMAX THEN Y = Y - 3

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-through 1981.

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Apple Modification?

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PAGE 42

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

: GOTO 2050

2080 REM INITIAL GOVERNMENT

2090 LET A = 0

2100 LET C = 5

2110 LET 1=0

2120 LET P = 0

2130 REM EQUAL MARKET SHARES

2140 LET GC = 0

2150 FOR T = 1 TO N

2160 LET M(T,GC) = 1 / N

2170 REM NO PROFITS YET:

2180 LET PI(T,GC) = 0
2190 LET PT(T,GC) = 0
2200 NEXT T

2210 REM CHECK GOVERNMENT

2220 GOSUB 3650

2230 REM STEP THRU GENERATIONS:

2240 FOR GC = 1 TO R

2250 HOME

2260 REM REGISTERS TO ZERO
2270 LET PAV = 0
2280 LET QT = 0
2290 PRINT

2300 PRINT "PERIOD ";GC;":"

2310 PRINT

2320 PRINT "ENTER TEAM PRICE DEC
ISIONS:"

2330 FOR T = 1 TO N
2340 PRINT "PRICE CHARGED BY TEA
M " ; T ; " ";

2350 INPUT X$

2360 IF LEN (X$) < 1 GOTO 2340
2370 LET P(T,GC) = VAL (X$)

2380 IF P(T,GC) < = 0 THEN PRINT

"PRICE MUST BE POSITIVE":. GOTO
2340

2390 REM FORCE DOLLARS & CENTS:
2400 LET P(T,GC) = INT (P(T,GC)

* 100 + .5) / 100
2410 REM PRICE CONTROLS
2420 IF (P < 1) OR (GC = 1) THEN
2460

2430 LET X = P(T,GC) - P(T,GC -
1)

2440 IF ABS (X) > P THEN P(T,GC
) = P(T,GC - 1) + SGN (X) *

P

2450 REM FIGURE AVERAGE
2460 LET PAV = PAV + P(T,GC)

2470 NEXT T

2480 LET PAV = PAV / N

2490 REM FIGURE SALES

2500 FOR T = 1 TO N

2510 REM DEMAND EQUATION:

2520 LET Q(T ,GC) = 40000 * PAV *
(M(T,GC - 1) © .25) / P(T ,GC
) © 2

2530 REM ONLY WHOLE UNITS:

2540 LET Q(T,GC) = INT (Q(T,GC)

+ .5)

2550 REM CHECK FOR ANTITRUST
2560 IF A < 1 THEN 2590
2570 IF Q(T ,GC) > (A) THEN Q(T,G
C) = A

2580 REM ADD TOTAL MARKET
2590 LET QT = QT + Q(T,GC)

2600 NEXT T

2610 REM FIGURE MARKET SHARES
2620 FOR T = 1 TO N
2630 REM MARKET SHARE =

2640 REM COMPANY SALES/

2650 REM TOTAL SALES
2660 LET M(T ,GC) = Q(T,GC) / QT
2670 LET M(T,GC) = INT (M(T,GC)
* 1000) / 1000
2680 NEXT T

2690 REM FIGURE INFLATION
2700 LET C = (1 + I / 100) * C
2710 REM FIGURE PROFIT
2720 FOR T = 1 TO N
2730 REM PROFIT =

2740 REM QUANTITY* (PRICE-COST)
2750 LET PI(T,GC) = Q(T,GC) * (P
(T,GC) - 5)

2760 LET PI(T ,GC) = INT (PI(T,G
C))

2770 LET PT(T,GC) = PT(T,GC - 1)
+ PI(T,GC)

2780 NEXT T

2790 REM SAVE GOVERNMENT STATUS

2800 LET A(GC) = A

2810 LET C(GC) = C

2820 LET I(GC) = I

2830 LET PC(GC) = P

2840 REM PRINT RESULTS

2850 GOSUB 3360

2860 IF GC = R THEN PRINT "GAME
OVER! CHR$ (7);

2870 REM CHECK GOVERNMENT

2880 GOSUB 3650

2890 NEXT GC

2900 REM GAME’S OVER

2910 HOME

2920 VTAB 5

2930 PRINT "THIS PRICE WAR IS OV
ER."

2940 PRINT

2950 PRINT "MARKET SHARE LEADER
IS TEAM ";Y

2960 PRINT "WITH ";M(Y,R);" SHAR
E.”

2970 PRINT

2980 PRINT "PROFIT LEADER IS TEA
M ";X

2990 PRINT "WITH $ ";PT(X,R) ; " ."
3000 PRINT

3010 INPUT "SUMMARIZE GAME TO PR
INTER (Y/N)? ";X$

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 43

3020 REM HOW TO HANDLE Y/N:

3030 IF LEN (X$) =0 THEN 2910
3040 LET X$ = LEFT$ (X$,l)

3050 IF X$ = "N” THEN 3200
3060 IF X$ < > "Y" THEN 2910

3070 REM PRINTER ON:

3080 REM CHR$ (4 )=CTRL-D
3090 REM REMOVE "CHR$(4); M
3100 REM IF NO DOS.

3110 PRINT CI1R$ (4);"PR#1"

3120 PRINT "PRICE WAR SIMULATION
SUMMARY"

3130 REM PRINT PERIODS
3140 FOR GC = 1 TO R
3150 GOSUB 3320
3160 PRINT
3170 NEXT GC
3180 REM PRINTER OFF:

3190 PRINT CHR$ (4);"PR//0"

3200 PRINT : PRINT "ANOTHER GAME
(Y/N)";

3210 INPUT X$

3220 IF LEN (X$) = 0 THEN 3260
3230 X$ = LEFT$ (X$,l)

3240 IF X$ = "Y" COTO 1720
3250 REM TERMINATE
3260 HOME
3270 PRINT "BYE..."

3280 END

3290 REM SUBROUTINES
3300 REM ***********

3310 REM

3320 REM PRINT RESULTS OF ONE GE
NERATION
3330 REM

3340 REM INPUT GC

3350 REM X & Y FIND LEADERS

3360 LET X = 0

3370 LET Y = 0

3380 HOME

3390 PRINT "RESULTS OF PERIOD ”;
GC;":”

3400 PRINT "TE PRICE SALES SHAR
E PROF CUM PROF"

3410 PRINT "AM"

3420 FOR T = 1 TO N
3430 PRINT T;

3440 PRINT TAB( 4);

3450 PRINT P(T ,GC) ;

3460 PRINT TAB( 10);

3470 PRINT Q(T,GC);

3480 PRINT TAB( 17);

3490 PRINT M(T ,GC) ;

3500 PRINT TAB( 23);

3510 PRINT PI(T ,GC) ;

3520 PRINT TAB( 32);

3530 PRINT PT(T ,GC)

3540 REM CHECK PROFIT RANK:

3550 IF PT(T,GC) > PT(X,GC) THEN
X = T

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PAGE 44

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

3560 REM CHECK MKT SHARE RANK:

3570 IF M(T,GC) > M(Y,GC) THEN Y
= T

3580 NEXT T

3590 IF A(GC) > = 1 THEN PRINT

"ANTITRUST LIMIT = ";A(GC)

3600 IF I(GC) < > 0 THEN PRINT

"INFLATION RATE = ”;I(GC);"%

II

3610 IF C(GC) < > 5 THEN PRINT

"UNIT COST = $ C(GC)

3620 IF PC(GC) > = 1 THEN PRINT

"PRICE CONTROL LIMIT = $ ";P
C(GC) ; " CHANGE"

3630 RETURN
3640 REM

3650 REM THE GOVERNMENT
3660 REM

3670 REM INPUT X$ & CHECK IT
3680 INPUT "PRESS RETURN TO CONT
INUE. ";X$

3690 IF LEN (X$) = 0 THEN RETURN

3700 HOME
3710 VTAB 5

3720 IF X$ = "A" THEN 3790

3730 IF X$ = "I" THEN 3950

3740 IF X$ = "P" THEN 4060

3750 IF X$ = "X" THEN 4210

3760 REM GO FOR HELP IF
3770 REM CHARACTER NOT FOUND
3780 GOTO 4260
3790 REM ANTITRUST LAW
3800 PRINT "GOVERNMENT CHANGES A
NTITRUST LAW!"

3810 PRINT

3820 IF A < 1 THEN PRINT "NO CU
RRENT ANTITRUST LAWS ARE IN
EFFECT”: GOTO 3860
3830 PRINT "CURRENT ANTITRUST LA
WS PROHIBIT SALES"

3840 PRINT "OF MORE THAN ";A;" U
NITS BY ANY"

3850 PRINT "COMPANY IN ANY ONE P
ERIOD. ”

3860 PRINT

3870 PRINT "THE NEW ANTITRUST LA
W WILL PROHIBIT ANY"

3880 PRINT "ONE COMPANY FROM SEL
LING MORE THAN HOW"

3890 PRINT "MANY UNITS IN ANY ON
E PERIOD?

3900 INPUT " ";X$

3910 IF LEN (X$) = 0 THEN A = 0
: GOTO 3650

3920 A = INT ( VAL (X$))

3930 IF A < 1 THEN A = 0
3940 GOTO 3650
3950 REM INFLATION

3960 PRINT "THE INFLATION RATE C
HANGES! "

3970 PRINT

3980 PRINT "INFLATION IS CURRENT
LY I; "% PER”

3990 PRINT "PERIOD."

4000 PRINT

4010 PRINT "WHAT IS THE NEW INFL
ATION RATE?

4020 INPUT " " ; X$

4030 IF LEN (X$) =0 THEN 1=0
: GOTO 3650
4040 I = VAL (X$)

4050 GOTO 3650
4060 REM PRICE CONTROLS
4070 PRINT "PRICE CONTROL LAWS C
HANGE ! "

4080 PRINT

4090 IF P < 1 THEN PRINT "THERE
ARE NO PRICE CONTROLS NOW":
PRINT "IN EFFECT.": GOTO 41
20

4100

PRINT "PRICE

CHANGES ARE CU

RRENTLY LIMITED"

4110

PRINT "TO $

p

4120

PRINT

4130

PRINT "WHAT
T FOR"

IS THE NEW LI MI

4140

PRINT "PRICE

CHANGES? $ ";

4150

INPUT X$

4160

IF LEN (X$)
: GOTO 3650

= 0 THEN P = 0

4170

P = VAL (X$)

4180

P = ABS (P)

4190

P = INT (P *
0

100 + .5) / 10

4200

GOTO 3650

4210

REM END GAME

4220

LET R = GC -

1

4230

POP

4240 IF R < 0 THEN 3200
4250 GOTO 2910
4260 REM GOVERNMENT MENU
4270 PRINT "LIST OF GOVERNMENT E
DICTS:"

4280 PRINT

4290 PRINT "A - ANTITRUST LAW"
4300 PRINT "I - INFLATION RATE"
4310 PRINT "P - PRICE CONTROLS"
4320 PRINT "X - EXIT GAME"

4330 PRINT "ANY OTHER KEY - LIST
OF EDICTS"

4340

4350

4360

4370

4380

PRINT

INPUT "ENTER EDICT: ";X$
GOTO 3690

REM *********************

REM END OF PROGRAM

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 45

ATTACH-BIOS CONSOLE DRIVER

by Steve Lloyd

San Francisco Apple Core

I. INTRODUCTION TO ATTACH-
BIOS

Since the release of Apple II Pascal
1.1, there has been a great amount of
interest in the internal workings of
the Basic Input Output System
(BIOS) and how to modify BIOS to
provide software interfaces for non-
Apple hardware. Many devices that
used to work with the original Pascal
do not operate at all under the new
system. The problem is that when
Apple changed the BIOS to accom-
modate the new memory use con-
ventions, they used some locations
that were previously idle. This lead to
competition between the operating
system and hardware drivers mem-
ory usage. In most of the cases, both
sides lost and the system crashed.

In April, Apple released through
the International Apple Core for dis-
tribution to member clubs, docu-
mentation which describes the inter-
nal workings of the BIOS and the
philosophy which has become the
standard for all interaction between
the BIOS and other portions of the
system. Apple also included a pro-
gram which will attach user provided
drivers to the BIOS when ever the
system is booted. This eliminates the
annoying requirement of having to
run a specific patch program before a
device can be used.

The documentation, depending
on how it is formatted, is almost 50
pages long. It includes language pro-
gram listings. Written by Barry
Haynes at Apple, it is a reasonably
complete compilation of the facts
and figures needed to write and at-
tach machine language drivers for
version 1 . 1 of the language system.
A word of warning, Barry specifically
states that this documentation is not
meant to be a tutorial or even a users
manual for any part of the language

system. It is intended to be used by
experienced assembly language sys-
tem programmers to assist in attach-
ing software drivers for non-Apple
I/O devices.

II. SYSTEM CAPABILITIES

When Apple created version 1 . 1 of
the language system, a number of
enhancements were made to extend
the capabilities of the system. The
more significant of these enhance-
ments are listed below.

1) 16 user defineable devices

2) system device drivers can be
redefined

3) multiple units can use the
same driver

4) multiple drivers can access the
same unit

5) any user defined driver can be
initialized at system initializa-
tion

6) device drivers are loaded with-
out interference to normal
operation

The exact configuration of the sys-
tem drivers is completely up to the
implementor. The driver designs are
restricted by only a very few rules
that govern how the drivers interface
with the rest of the system. In gen-
eral, Apple has restricted the BIOS
access to a well defined set of ad-
dresses and procedures. Other
methods may work, but they will not
be supported by Apple either now or
in the future. Apple is attempting to
make these interfaces constant and
still retain the freedom to make other
changes necessary for system evolu-
tion. This position is well stated in
section II. 10 of the documentation.

III. CONSOLE: DRIVER

The Apple II has always been lack-
ing in its display screen capabilities.

Although the 40 x 24 display is ser-
viceable, it places a great restriction
on the word processing capabilities
of the language system editor. Sev-
eral months ago, I attempted to solve
this problem by purchasing one of
the available 80 column display
boards.

Plugging this card into slot #3 of
the Apple and turning on the power
brought the language system up with
the 80 column board hooked into the
system as the console device. The
first thing I noticed was that the
monitor had to be radically mis-
aligned to show a barely usable dis-
play. This was caused by a hardware
design error which has since been
corrected. The problems that remain
are in the firmware and are the sub-
ject of this section.

The features that are missing from
the firmware are listed below.

a. the type-ahead buffer would
not function

b. the stop, flush, and break key-
board functions were not im-
plemented

c. the shift key modification was
not supported.

Additionally, the shift lock capabili-
ties provided were less than useful.
(Capitalizing a letter required 5 key
strokes.)

The console driver shown in listing
1 is a first attempt at resolving these
problems. Although it still doesn’t
provide the flush and break key-
board functions, it does correct the
other deficiencies in the firmware.
This driver also redefines some of the
keys to provide left and right curly
brackets (useful for Pascal com-
ments) and the underscore. It also
produces an audible click whenevery
a key is pressed. The exact capabili-
ties are outlined in listing 1.

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

PAGE 46

The console is one of the more dif-
ficult device drivers to implement.
The console is the default device for
all system messages and command
lines. This makes using the console
for debugging the driver very diffi-
cult. For this reason, I have adopted
the “one step at a time” approach for
developing this system driver. By
taking the shell program shown in
listing 2 and adding incremental
functions to it, the bugs in the driver
are easily pin-pointed.

The documentation suggests a 6
step process for implementing a
driver.

1. write the machine language
driver

2. assemble the driver

3. execute the program ATTA-
CHCJD

4. execute the program LIBRARY

5. cold restart the system

6. test the driver.

Although it is not specifically
stated in the documentation, as long
as the .PROC name in the device
driver and the interface require-
ments of the driver are not changed,
the ATTACHCJD program need be
executed only once. This means that
corrections, modifications and ex-
tensions to the driver can be made
without having to re-explain the
driver to the ATTACHUD program.

The process for linking drivers
into their library (steps 4 and 5) is
rather time consuming. It is very use-
ful to put all of the repetitive, non-
error producing portions into an
EXEC file for automatic execution.
Creation and use of EXEC files are
explained in the Addendum to the
Apple Pascal Operating System
Reference Manual of the version 1 . 1
system documentation.

Using these techniques reduces
the testing cycle to a 4 step process.

1. write the machine language
driver

2. assemble the driver

3. EXEC/STEPS4&5

4. test the driver

A close examination of listing 1
reveals some of the options an imple-
mentor has. The first point to note is
that listing 2 is actually imbedded in
listing 1. This is because the shell
was used as the starting point and a
“one step at a time” technique was
used to develop the driver.

The next point is that 3 of the 4
available driver enhancement op-
tions have been used. The code for
the READ routine completely re-
places the normal console read rou-
tine. The code of the WRITE and INIT
routines is attached to the beginning
of the normal console write and init
routines. The normal console status
routine has not been modified. The
fourth driver enhancement option,
the one not used in this driver, is to
attach additional code to the end of
the normal console routine.

The console is unlike any other
character oriented device. It has five
interfaces to the Run Time Support
System, (the RTSP is the higher level
pascal system which makes calls to
the BIOS.) as opposed to the four in-
terfaces normally associated with
these drivers. The additional inter-
face is the ConChk routine used to
transfer characters to the type-ahead
buffer as they are entered at the key-
board. It is also used to increment the
random number seed.

IV. SYSTEM OPERATION WITH
THE NEW DRIVER

In order to have the new console
driver attached to the BIOS at boot
time, the following files must be
available on the boot disk.

LISTING I

a. SYSTEM. ATTACH
provided by the I AC to member
clubs

b. ATTACH. DRIVERS

created by the LIBRARY pro-
gram

c. ATTACH. DATA

created by the ATTACHUD
program

During the boot process, after
SYSTEM.APPLE has been loaded
and before SYSTEM.STARTUP is ex-
ecuted, SYSTEM.ATTACH is exe-
cuted. This program will load the
driver from ATTACH. DRIVERS into
the appropriate memory space indi-
cated by ATTACH. DATA. The exact
details are irrelevant, except to note
that the new driver is attached before
any user programs are loaded. Very
simply this means that you can use
either the new driver or the old
driver, but you can’t use both or even
conveniently select which one you
will use.

After the first user program has
been executed, the system operates
almost as is did before. The only ex-
ception discovered so far is that the
system refuses to respond to initial-
ize commands. This includes a sys-
tem command line “I” and the initial-
ize caused by some types of I/O
errors.

V. CONCLUSION

The new capability to attach user
written I/O drivers to the language
system BIOS is a welcome addition.
The interface specifications and
philosophies presented in the
Attach- BIOS documentation show a
certain amount of creativity and far
sightedness in the systems people at
Apple. By providing this well defined
capability, they have extended both
the scope and the useful life of the
Apple II and any other product that
uses the language system.

; Console driver specification

; 0) designed to operate with a specific 80 column
; display card

U a„ should work with other 80 column cards

; b, will not work with 40 column APPLE." screen

; 1) full upper and 1 ower case keyboard

; 2) requires shift key wired to PB-2 on the? game

; I/O connector

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 47

; 3 ) p r o v i d es caps 3. oc k
5 a « C t r 1 —a en ter s caps 1 oc k mod e
; bu Ctrl-rz leaves caps lock mode

5 4) provides O L' U underscore

;; a - spec i a 1 c h ar ac: ter s aval 1 ab 1 e when t h e

U k ey b oar d is in the c aps 1 oc k mode

U 5) provides Ctrl— s stop function
; a . C t r 1 — s s t o p s a 1 1 p r o c e s sing

5 b« any key restarts processing

; 6 > p r od eecl s k ey die k s

5 7) provides type-ahead buffer through

;; 8 ) i n i t i a 1 i z e s i n c aps 1 o c k m o d e

T h i s i s t h & n e w c In a r a c: t e r s e t.

n

H

5 ABCDEFGH I JKLMNGPQRSTUVWXY Z
; - caps lock without shift key pressed

j A > CDEFG C I J C L D ^OS).QRST_VWX YZ
; - caps lock with shift key pressed

5 a b c cl e f g h i . j k 1 m n o p q r s t u v wxyz

5 — n o c a p s 3. o c k w i. t hi o u t s hi i. f t k e y p r e s s e d

5 ABCDEFGH I J KLMNGPQRSTU VW X Y Z

^ - no caps lac

k w i. t hi

shi f t key pressed

Rout i ne

n EDO

02

Temp

„ EQU

04

Temp 1

. EQU

06

Retur n

. EQLJ

08

Cl i ckFreq

. EQU

0E

Cl i c: k Length

„ EQLJ

0A

SHFTKEY

it EQU

0C063

SYSCGMp

,i EQU

OF 8

Buf fer

„ EQU

3B 1

Buf Le?n

EQU

4E

St op Of f set

. EQU

85.

Break Of f set

„ EQU

84 »

F 1 ushOf f set

„ EQU

83 .

RAND

u EQU

OBF 1 3

CGNFLGS

u EQLJ

OBF 1 5

BREAK p

EQU

OBF 1 6

RPTR

. EQU

OBF 1 8

IaIPTR

EQU

OBF 1 9

KYBoar cl

. EQU

ocooo

KYReset

„ EQU

0C01 0

Speaker

. EQLJ

0C0 30

. MACRO

GET

i; M a c r o r e q u i r e s t. w o a d d i t i o n a 1 p a r a m e t e r s
5 T hi e f :i. r s t o n e i s a k e y w a r d w h i c hi d e t; e r m i n e s
r t w hi a t; p a r t o f t h e m a e r o i s e x p a n d e cl d u r .i. n g t h e
c: u r r e n t e x e c u t: i o n „ T h e s 6? c: o n d p a r a meter i. s
5 a 1 a b e 3. w hi i c h d e n o t e s t hi e s t o r a g e 1 o c: a t i o n t. o
b e l.i s e d „

.IF n 7.1 n = M PROCESSOR "

;; save the registers on the stack

PL A

TAY

PL A

TAX

PAGE 48

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

PL A
PLP

- ELSE

-IF m a 1" = - “PARAMETER M
5 m o v e a f u 3. 1 w o r d f r o m t h e s t a c I*::

; to the memory location specified
; by the second parameter
PL A

ST A a 2

PLA

STA 7.2+1

u ELBE

1 ' G E T M A C R 0 E X P A N S 1 0 N E R R 0 R * '

ENDS
w ENDS
„ ENDM

- MACRO PUT

. I F "71" = ' ! i ::: ’ R 0 C E S S 0 R 1 '

5 r e s t o r e r e g i s t e r s f r o m t h e s t a c k
; t h i s m a c: r o req la i r e s t h e s a m e
; p a r a m e t e r s r e q u i r - e d b y t hi e m a c r - o G E T
5 i t p e r f cd r m a c: o m p> 1 emen t a r y f u n c:: t i o n
|l to the macro GET
PHP
PH A
T X A
PH A
TYA
PH A
„ ELSE

-IF "7.1" " PARAMETER M

5 move a full word to the? stack from
5 t o t h e memor y 1 oc at i on spec i f i ed b y
; the second parameter
LDA 7.2+1

PH A

LDA a 2

PH A
. ELSE

"PUT MACRO EXPANSION ERROR"

-ENDC

- ENDC
„ ENDM

-MACRO Tone

PHA

SBC

#01

BNE

' 3 >

PLA

SBC

#01

BNE

-8.

LDA

Speaker

DEV

BNE

-17.

983000

3*A*A

+ 14* A

A

f req

5

3312

10

1 0 1 4

20

280

50

47

1 00

12

200

3

PUT PROCESSOR
LDY #7.2 ;
LDA #7.1 -
SEC -

length ~ Y / 2
f req

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 49

GET
RTS
. ENDM

WR I TE
*1

I N I T

STATUS

CaseYof

PROCESSOR

. MACRO
F'HP
PH A

Toggl e

LDA

7.1

EOR

#80

STA
PLA
PLP
. ENDM

7.1

- PROC

Consol e

JMP

ConCh k

STA

Tempi 5

THIS MIGHT BE A WRITE

•J

CALL, SAVE THE CHARACTER

STY

Temp 1 + 1 ;

THE Y REGISTER CONTAINS

H

THE UNIT NUMBER

TXA

?

THE X REGISTER CONTAINS

?

THE TYPE OF CALL

BEQ

Read

CMP

#1

BEQ

WRITE

CMP

#2

BEQ

INIT

CMP

#4

BEQ

STATUS

LDX

#03 5

Ret ur n c ad e f or

RTS

i 1 1 eg a 1 op er at ion

BIT

FLUSH u

tested, but never used

BPL

$1 ;

t) r a n c: h a 1 w a y s t a k e n

LDX

RTS

#0

LDY

#4 ;

offset from SYSCOM for

|5

n or rna 1 wr i t e cal 1

BNE

CaseYof

LDA

#0

STA

WF'TR

STA

RF'TR

GET

PARAMETER,

Return

GET

PARAMETER,

SYSCOMp

GET

PARAMETER,

BREAKp

PUT

RTS

PARAMETER ,

Return

LDY

#43 „

LDA

5>0E2, Y

STA
I NY

Rout. :L ne

LDA

5)0 E 2 , V

STA

Rout i ne+1

LDY

Temp 1 + 1 ;

Rest or e r e^g i st er s

LDA

Temp 1

JMP

SRouti ne

PAGE 50

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Read

LDX

RPTR

CPX

WPTR

; IF RPTR=WPTR

5 OK BUFFER EMPTY *)

BEQ

ReadKBD

; THEN CHECK KEYBOARD

GetBuf

LDA

Buffer, X

; ELSE GET CHARACTER

I NC

RPTR

5 POINT TO NEXT CHARACTER

LDX

#Buf Len

5 USING CIRCULAR BUFFER

CPX

RPTR

y

bne:

y

LDX

#0

j»

SIX

RPTR

5 SAVE POINTER

$ 1

LDX

#0

5 NO ERROR RETURN CODE

RTS

; GET CHARACTER

FROM KEYBOARD

Read KB D

LDA

KYBoard

TEST KEYBOARD

BPL

ReadKBD

5 LOOP UNTIL KEY IS PRESSES

Key I n

J SR

Cl ick

; KEY SOUNDS

B I T

KYReset

CLEAR KEYBOARD STROBE

CHECK

FOR CAPS LOCK COMMANDS

CMP

#81

!i c: o n t r o 1 - a c a p s 1 o e k

BNE

$1

y

LDA

#00

y

STA

CapsLok

y

BEQ

ReadKBD

y

$1

CMP

#09 A

; CONTROL •- Z UNLOCK

BNE

$2

y

LDA

#80

y

STA

CapsLok

H

{!

BNE

ReadKBD

y

$2

BIT

CapsLok

test caps lock

BPL

Special

5 uppercase only

BIT

ShftKey

; TEST SHIFT KEY

BPL

AtSign

; JUMP IF PRESSED

; HANDLE LOWER

CASE CHARACTERS

IJnShi ft

CMP

#0BF

; ASCII ’ ?■’ - HIGH BIT SE

BMI

AtSi gn

; SPECIAL CASES

CLC

ADC

#20

5 CONVERT CASE

BNE

InDone?

S ALWAYS TAKEN

; CONVERT SPECIAL CHARACTERS TO NORMAL CHARACTERS

At Si gn

CMP

#oco

BNE

UPAROW

LDA

#50

5 upper case p

uparow

CMP

#0DE

BNE

RTBRC

LDA

#4E

; upper case n

rtbrc

CMP

#0DD

BNE

InDone

LDA

#4D

5 upper case m

InDone

LDX

#0

; NORMAL RETURN CODE

AND

#'7F

; KEEP LOWER 7 BITS

RTS

; FINISHED

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 51

5 SPECIAL HANDLING FOR REDEFINED CHARACTERS

Speci al

BIT

shftkey ;

BMI

InDone 5

CMP

#OCB 5

BNE

$1 5

LDA

# 5 B 5

BPL

I nDone

$1

CMP

# 0 C 8 ;

BNE

$2 5

LDA

# 7 B ;

BPL

InDone?

$2

CMP

#002 5

BNE

*3 ;

LDA

# 7 D 5

BPL

In Done?

$3

CMP

# 0 D 5 ;

BNE

InDone? ;

LDA

# 5 F 5

BPL

I nDone?

Click

T one

Cl i ckFreq M

ConCh k

PUT

PROCESSOR

$ 1

INC

RAND

BNE

$2

I NC

RAND - + 1

$2

LDA

KY Board ;

BPL

ChkQui t. ;

AND

# 7 F 5

; Check

for s

top character

LDY

#Stop Of f se

CMP

(SYSCOMp) ?

BNE

ChkFul 1

Toggl

e STOP

B I T

STOP ;

BM I

*1 ;

BPL

Ch kQu.it

;; Conti

n u e c o n s o 1 e c h e c: k

ChkFul 1

LDX

WPTR 5

I NX

M

CPX

#BufLen 5

BNE

*1

LDX

#0 5

*1

CPX

(I

RPTR 5

STX

XREG

BEQ

ChkQui t ?,

ORA

#80 5

CnvrtCh

J SR

Key In

PutEuf

LDY

WPTR 5

ST A

Buffer H Y 5

LDX

XREG ;

STX

WPTR 5

«s

ChkQu.it

GET

PROCESSOR

RTS

not. pressed
don ? t convert
ASCII K ?

rep I aced wi th
LEFT SQUARE BRACKET

ASCII r H*-

repl aced with
LEFT CURLY BRACKET-

ASCII ? B ?

rep 1 aced with
RIGHT CURLY BRACKET

ASCII *U*

rep I aced wi th
UNDER SCORE

Cl i ck Length

LOAD NEXT CHARACTER
NO NEXT CHARACTER ? RETURN
SEVEN BIT ASCII CODES

t 5 system stop character
Y 5 from SYSTEM . M I SC I NFO

c h e c: k f o r s t o p p e d f 1 a g

c: h e c: k k e y b o a r d i f s t; o p p e d

CHECK BUFFER FULL
ADD ONE TO UJPTR
WITH WRAP AROUND

LEAVE UPDATED POINTER IN
X REGISTER
IF RPTR = WPTR +1

THEN BUFFER FULL

ELSE RESTORE BIT 7
GET NEXT CHARACTER
GET OLD WPTR
SAVE CHARACTER IN
BUFFER

SAVE UPDATED WRITE
POINTER

PAGE 52

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Cap s La k ..byte 0

Stop ., byte 0

FLUSH . BYTE 0

X REG .BYTE 0

LISTING II

;; This is the

start :i. n q <

ah el 3.

. PR DC Console

J FIE-

ConCh k

jl

user provi ded

STA

T emp 1

H

THIS MIGHT BE A WRITE

H

CALL ? SAVE THE CHARACTER

STY

Temp 1 + 1

Jt

THE Y REGISTER CONTAINS

|t

THE UNIT NUMBER

TX A

THE X REGISTER CONTAINS

jl

THE TYPE OF CALL

REQ

Read

user provi ded

CMP

#1

BEQ

WR I TE

"i

user provi dead

CMP

#2

BEQ

I N I T

user provided

CMP

#4

BEQ

STATUS

H

user provi ded

LDX

#03

5

Return code for

illegal operat i on

RTS

CaseYof LDA

30E2, Y

STA

Routine

I NY

LDA

30E2, Y

STA

Rout i ne+1

LDY

Temp l+l

; Restore registers

LDA

Temp 1

JMP

SRout i ne

IAC ATTACH BIOS 1.1 DISK AND BOOKLET

Because of popular demand, the International Ap-
ple Core is offering the original ATTACH BIOS 1.1
disk and documentation for the low price of $6.00
plus $1.00 handling and mailing charge, anywhere
in the world. Send your check or money order
(payable in USA funds) to:

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
ATTACH BIOS DISK
P.O. BOX 976

DALY CITY, CA 94017 USA

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE ZIP

COUNTRY

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 53

INTEGER BASIC REGISTER LOADER

by Val. J. Golding

OQOQQQQQgOOOWOOQWOOOOWOQQQWOQOQOOOOQOQQOQOOQOQQOOOOQ W

Much has been written of late con-
cerning some rather interesting ap-
plications of the ampersand (‘&’)
function in Applesoft. For example,
see “Passing Argument Values to
Machine Language Subroutines in
Applesoft”, by C. K. Mesztenyi in the
Spring 1981 Apple Orchard. Integer
BASIC has become sort of a ne-
glected “poor cousin” recently. This
is rather unfortunate. While Integer is
not as powerful as Applesoft, lacking
the latter’s floating point and string
manipulation capabilities, it is a
much faster and easier BASIC for
many programming applications.

This article and accompanying
programs demonstrate that with just
a smidgin of ingenuity, it is just as
easy to pass parameters in Integer as
in Applesoft. As a bonus, thanks to
Don Williams of A.P.P.L.E., we are
also able to present a little 15-byte
subroutine which enables the As-
sembly program to determine its
own location in memory.

The Integer BASIC program is
simplicity itself. It serves as a front
end; and, using the S. H. Lam rou-
tine, it serves as a method of loading
the machine language along with the
BASIC. The only hard and fast re-
quirements are that the four varia-
bles in Line 100 be defined in the
exact order shown, and with single-
character names. The Assembly lan-

guage routine depends on this as-
sumption.

Lines 120 to 150 assign actual
values to the four predefined vari-
ables, with P representing the ad-
dress of the routine the user wishes
to CALL (in this example PRNTAX);
the variables A, X, and Y are assigned
the values to be loaded into the
6502’s A, X, and Y registers. While
they are static examples in the sub-
ject program, they could just as
easily (and probably more practi-
cally) be handled as INPUTS, depend-
ing on the application.

The Assembly language portion is
fully relocatable. To originate it at an
alternate address, just change the
(decimal) CALL in Line 200 to agree
with whatever (hexadecimal) address
you specify at the beginning of
HEX$.

The Assembly language program
is self-modifying, meaning that cer-
tain code in the program will change
the code in another part of the pro-
gram. This practice is sometimes
frowned upon as not being good pro-
gramming technique, but there are
cases when it sure is helpful.

The cause of all this consternation
is the JSR FIND in Line 67 of the
source listing, which on the surface
appears to be a JSR TO $0. In fact,
this is the bit of code which gets
modified, and ultimately will JSR to

the routine chosen by the user in the
BASIC program. This creates the
need for an indirect JSR in the in-
stant program. Unfortunately, while
the 6502 microprocessor provides
indirect addressing for a JMP, the
JSR instruction has only one ad-
dressing mode, and that is absolute.

Enter our current finaglement.
The JSR to TRICK in Line 32 of the
source listing is to $FF58, per Line
20. However, any location which
contained a $60 (RTS) would serve
the purpose. By doing the JSR, a
return address is pushed onto the
stack, so when we get back, by trans-
ferring the stack pointer to index
register X in Line 33, we can now load
the accumulator with the return ad-
dress from the stack, and store it in
$00 and $01. Then, loading Y with an
offset to the location of the program
we wish to modify, we use it as an in-
dex to store the data that will be
loaded into the accumulator in Lines
42 and 45.

The balance of the program fol-
lows more easily; each significant lo-
cation in the Integer BASIC variable
table, in its turn, is loaded into the ac-
cumulator and then transferred to
the desired registers. When this is
done, we do the JSR FIND, which
now contains a real address, restore
the 6502 registers (we never checked
in the first place to see if they had to
be saved), and go back to BASIC.

PAGE 54

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

>LIST

10 REM

INTEGER BASIC REGISTER LOADER
BY VAL J GOLDING
APPLE ORCHARD * FALL 1981
100 P=A=X=Y=0. REM SET VBL TSL SEQ
110 GOTO 300

120 P= — 172 7 : REM ADR OF ROUTINE TO
CALL

130 A= 127: REM LOAD ACCUM WITH A
140 X = 255 : REM LOAD X-REG WITH X
150 Y = 8 0 : REM LOAD Y-REG WITH Y
160 REM

LINES 120 TO 150 COULD ALSO BE INFUTS

200 CALL 768: END : REM

300 DIM HEX $(2 0 0) :HEX$ = “ 300 : 20 4A FF
20 58 FF BA BD 0 1 85 1 CA BD 0
1 85 0 A0 4 El 4A 48 C8 B1 4A A
0 2F 91 0 88 68 91 0 "

310 HEX$( LEN(HEX$)4-1) = "A0 A B1 4A 4
8 A0 10 B 1 4 A AA A0 16 B1 4A A8
68 20 0 0 20 3F FF 60 NE88AG"

400 FOR 1 = 1 TO LEN(HEX$): POKE
5114-1, ASC (HEX$(I>) : NEXT I:

POKE 72,0: CALL -144
410 GOTO 120: REM

CHANGE ADDRESS OF HEX$ IN LINE 300
TO RELOCATE PROGRAM

(continued on page 55)

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FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 55

(continued from page 54)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

********************************
* *

* LOADING 6502 REGISTERS AND *

* PASSING PARAMETERS FROM *

*

INTEGER

BASIC

*

*

*

*

BY

VAL J.

GOLDING

*

*

*

*

APPLE

ORCHARD

* FALL 1981

*

* *

********************************

12

*

13

*

14

FIND

EQU

$0

15

LOMEM

EQU

$ 4 A

16

STACK

EQU

$100

17

RESTORE

EQU

SFF3F

18

SAVE

EQU

$ F F 4 A

19

TRICK

EQU

$ F F 58

20

*

21

*

22

ORG

$300

23

*

24

*

25

* This code,

despite a s e I £ -mod i f y i ng JSR

26

* within

i t S€

If, is comp

letely relocatable;

27

* thanks

to Do n Villi ams

for pointing the way

28

*

29

*

03 00

20

4A

FF

30

JSR

SAVE

SAVE REGISTERS JUST IN CASE

0 303

20

58

FF

31

JSR

TRICK

FIND RTS SOMEVHERE

03 06

BA

32

TSX

; STACK POINTER KNOVS WHERE WE

0 307

BD

00

01

33

LDA

STACK ,X

0 3 0 A

85

01

34

STA

FIND+1

0 3 0C

CA

35

DEX

03 OD

BD

00

01

36

LDA

STACK, X

0310

85

00

37

STA

FIND

38

*

39

*

03 12

A0

04

40

LDY

#$ 4

0 314

: B 1

4 A

41

LDA

(LOMEM) , Y

LSB OF ADR OF USER JSR

03 16

48

42

PHA

0317

C8

43

INY

03 18

B1

4A

44

LDA

(LOMEM) , Y

MSB OF USER ROUTINE

0 3 1 A

: A0

2 F

45

LDY

# $ 2F

03 1C

: 91

00

46

STA

(FIND) , Y

0 3 1 E

88

47

DEY

0 3 1 F

68

48

PLA

0 320

: 91

00

49

STA

( F I ND ) , Y

50

*

51

*

52

* NOV HANDLE

THE 6502 REGISTERS

53

*

54

*

0 322

A0

0A

55

LDY

#$0A

03 24 :

B1

4A

56

LDA

(LOMEM) , Y

DATA FOR ACCUMULATOR

0 3 26

48

57

PHA

0 3 2 7

A0

10

58

LDY

#$ 10

0 329

B 1

4 A

59

LDA

(LOMEM) , Y

DATA FOR X-REGISTER

0 3 2 B :

AA

60

TAX

0 3 2 C

A0

16

61

LDY

#$16

0 3 2 E

B1

4A

62

LDA

(LOMEM) , Y

DATA FOR Y-REGISTER

0 3 30

A8

63

TAY

03 3 1

68

64

PLA

65

*

03 32

20

00

00

66

JSR

FIND

(NOT REALLY)

0 3 35

20

3 F

FF

67

JSR

RESTORE

(THE REGISTERS)

03 38

60

O'

oo

RTS

--END ASSEMBLY--
ERRORS: 0

57 BYTES

SYMBOL TABLE - ALPHABETICAL ORDER:

FIND =$00 LOMEM

STACK =$0100 TRICK

= $ 4 A
= $ FF58

RESTORE

= $ F F 3 F

SAVE = $ F F 4 A

SYMBOL TABLE - NUMERICAL ORDER:

FIND =$00 LOMEM

SAVE = $ F F4A TRICK

= $ 4 A
= $ FF58

STACK

=$0100

RESTORE = $ F F 3 F

*

PAGE 56

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

H.fl.fl.U.O.

THE APPLE BARREL

POORBOY WORD PROCESSOR—
MX-80 LOWER CASE OUTPUT

by Mike Kramer
from The Apple Barrel

H. A. A. U.G.

The short program LISTed below
is a combination of two capabilities
which may be of interest to many of
you. The first is a technique to print
upper and lower case on an Epson
MX-80 printer using keyboard input.
The [ESC] key is used to indicate that
the next character should be printed
in upper case. The next character will
appear on the screen in inverse
video. An [ESC] must be typed for
each upper case character. CTRL-E
is recognized as an End command.

The “Input Anything” routine uses
the GET command for input rather
than INPUT. The main implication is
that you can enter commas and co-
lons without getting “?EXTRA IG-
NORED”, etc. Provision is made for
handling backspaces without back-
ing off the edge of the screen.

REMs have been left out of the pro-
gram to maximize speed. The follow-
ing comments should help clarify
what’s going on.

Line 10 — Initialize.

Line 20 — Blank out line before read-
ing in characters.

Line 30 — GET a character, print to
screen, no line feed, nor-
mal video.

Line 40— If a [RETURN] then go off
to Print.

Line 50— If a CTRL-E then End.

Line 60 — If a back space and no
characters left, blank out
line.

Line 70 — If a back space and more
than one character, then
drop last character.

Line 80 — Good character. Add it to
the line to be Printed. Beep
if <75 characters.

Line 90 — If an [ESC] set inverse
video.

Line 100 — Get another character.

Line 130 — Prints a prompt and saves
vertical cursor position.
Goes to GET line.

Line 150 — Turn on printer.

Line 170 — Prepare for lower case
letters.

Line 180 — Loop through characters
in line.

Line 200 — If [ESC] then flag for up-
per case and look at next
character.

Line 210 — If not a letter do not try to
print upper case.

Line 220 — Print the character. If a
letter and preceded by
[ESC] then capitalize.

Line 250— Turn off printer.

Line 270 — Go back for another line.

CAN I BROADCAST THE
APPLE’S VIDEO OUTPUT ON A
TV STATION?

The Apple II produces NTSC
compatible video. However, it
isn’t NTSC standard video. The
only way we know of to broad-
cast the Apple’s video is to aim a
camera at the video monitor. We
don’t know of anyone at this
time who has successfully used a
Time Base Corrector or modi-
fied the Apple to conform to
NTSC. (If anyone has, please let
us know.)

Before you
show your
program to
anyone else,
show it
to Omega.

The others ask you to send
a completed program, all the
documentation, even a
stamped envelope for them
to ship the stuff back to you.
They look at it, decide
whether they can make a
buck, and sign you up.

That approach isn’t going
to be good enough for
the next generation
of micro-software.

It’s going to be more
sophisticated. It’s going to
have to work for people who
have no idea what goes on
inside a computer. And each
program is going to be the
work of many people,
instead of just one or two.

So we want to look at your
program before you’re
finished with it. Our business
and marketing people, our
educators, our programmers
can help you put together a
better product. And then
we’ll help you sell it a
different and better way.

Omega is going to lead this
next generation of business,
educational and utility
software. We’ve got a good
start on the utilities (our
current best-sellers are The
Locksmith and The
Inspector).

And now we’re starting on
the others. If you’ve got a
good idea, get in touch with
us right away.

OMEGA MicroWare, Inc.

(formerly Omega Software Products, Inc.)

222 South Riverside Plaza
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Phone (312) 648-1944

“MIMI Did It Take a II M I Li

Golly-Gee-Whiz Demonstration
To Get You Hooked On Apples? —

Did you ever wonder who programmed that great looking feat? Until now, there’s been
just one person at Apple Computer creating programs for dealers to demonstrate.
He even travelled to New York to set up the programs for Dick Cavett’s Apple
commercials.

Let’s face it — our one person is swamped! And he’s looking for the programming
genius who can take part of the load off his shoulders. Maybe you’ve done some golly-
gee-whiz things with your Apple, and you’ve been complimented on your computer
creativity. If so, you could be Apple’s next | | | | | | | |

| | Demonstration Programmer | |

You’ll combine your programming abilities in PASCAL, Apple III BASIC and PILOT with input from
dealers and sales and marketing people to design demo programs for all Apple products. Your artistic
talents will be especially important for working with graphics and animation. And, of course, you should
have the special people skills to communicate effectively with all the different types of individuals you’ll
work with. A Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science, Communications, Business, Psychology or a
related field would be a big help.

Why not bring your love of Apple creativity to the source? When you do, you’ll find your career moving
ahead as fast as our astounding growth. Write today to Stephanie Jensen at Apple Computer Inc.,
i l I 10260 Bandley Drive, Cupertino, California 95014. j | [

Lii \ i i i J i i i i i i i i j "i r

— ttdpple computer —

■■ | | | | | i i ■ i i i i i

I I I I I I I equal opportunity employer

Ss^iiiii

.

<ma ~

- 0?

<MX

<8sHH |

me

IF YOU ENJOY MUSIC, WHY JUST LISTEN?

You and your Apple could be making
beautiful music together!

Join the thousands of Apple owners who are
making music — without the years of practice
needed for conventional instruments. You can
quickly and easily enter a song from sheet music.
Just follow the detailed examples and instructions
provided.

THE PRODUCT. ALF's economical 9-voice Music
Card MCI is just $195, the gourmet 3-voice Music
Card MCI 6 is $245 (use 2 for 6 voices or 3 for 9).
Both come with detailed manual, complete soft-
ware, and cable for connection to your stereo
system.

THE SOFTWARE. We're convinced our product is
by far the easiest to use and most versatile system
for the Apple. You get many features not available
in other systems, plus a very large note capacity.
And no customer has ever reported a "bug”
or error.

THE HARDWARE. ALF strives for the best quality
possible. No MCI card has ever been returned
with a manufacturing defect.

THE COMPANY. ALF has been making computer-
controlled synthesizers since 1975. We made the
first music peripheral for the Apple — and it's still
one of the most popular.

Available through Apple dealers, or write for
more information.

WANT TO DUPLICATE DISKS QUICKLY?

ALF's disk duplication service has been a major
source of quality reproduction for Apple-
compatible software houses since 1980. Now you
can use the same techniques for fast and accurate
reproduction yourself, with ALF's Copy System.
Why spend over $10,000 for a duplication system
when for just $595 you can connect the ALF Copy
System to your own Apple! Copying time is about
37 to 1 7.3 seconds, depending on number of drives
used. That's over 1,600 disks in 8 hours from a
single system. Are you completely confident of
your present copying methods? At ALF, accurate
reproduction is more important than speed. The
ALF Copy System is designed to produce perfect
copies every time.

Special hardware and software copies any stan-
dard 13 or 16 sector Apple format disk. Hardware
plugs easily into computer — no permanent
changes required. If you wish to do your own drive
maintenance, the manual tells how to use stan-
dard Shugart procedures and accessories, and all
necessary software is included.

Too busy to get into disk copying? You can still
count on ALF's convenient copying service. Ask
about our copy-resistant and "double boot"
services too!

Write for complete details.

NEED CONVENIENT
FLOPPY DISK PROTECTION?

ALF's Floppy Boxes are specially designed to offer
great protection with more convenient use than
other methods. They're designed with two layers
of corrugated cardboard with a special "cross-
grain" construction for extra strength. The stan-
dard square size holds 1-3 minifloppies for mailing
or packing in products. The larger rectangular size
holds minifloppies plus a standard 5V2 x 8V2
booklet (8V2 x 11 folded in half). Available with an
adhesive closure tab for use as a mailer (just seal
with tab, address other side, and mail). Software
houses: write for details on attractive, protective
packaging for your products.

Small quantity price is 75<p for standard box.

Available singly at computer dealers, in large
quantities from ALF. (New dealer inquiries
invited.) All „ D1

A L F PRODUCTS INC. 1448 ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

ASSEMBLER & TEXT EDITOR

Clone Software is proud to announce their new Assembler and Text Editor for the Apple® II com-
puter (48K and two disk drives required). For an unbelievably low price of just $39.95, you get BOTH
a disk-based line-oriented text editor, and a 6502 Assembler! Since the text editor is a separate pro-
gram, it can be used for other purposes than editing source code for the assembler. Specially designed
for medium to large programs, this assembler also helps reduce debugging time through its cross-
reference feature, which lists not only the value of each symbol, but also the number of each line
which references it!

The Clone Assembler: documentation and 13-sector disk, $39.95 from astute computer dealers or
from Clone Software.

clone@(R](ot

©(software

1446 estes street, lakewood, colo. 80215; (303) 234-0630

WE HAVE EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR YOUR APPLE COMPUTER

Breakthrough In Mass Storage!

New Double Sided Double Density DMA Floppy Disk
Subsystem For Your Apple II

Features:

• High speed DMA transfer of data (1 microsecond byte)

• Complete documentation provided — includes theory
of operation, source code for DOS enhancement
utilities, schematics and diskette

• Uses all standard Apple DOS commands (OPEN,
CATALOG, LOCK, DELETE, LOAD, etc.) except for
I N IT which has been improved and enhanced in a Vista
format routine.

• Compatible with Apple DOS 3. 2/3. 3, Pascal 1.1 and
CPM 2.2 (with the Z80 soft card by Microsoft)

• 2K x 8 PROM contains Autoboot functions and all
eight-inch floppy driver code allowing complete
compatibility with Apple DOS 3. 2/3.3

• 120 days parts and labor warranty

• Immediate delivery

System Includes:

• Vista V1000 subsystem w/case power supply & two
QUME DATATRAK 8 Disk Drives

• Vista A800 Quad Density DMA Disk Controller with
software

• 5-foot interconnecting cable (50 pin)

my X

List Price
V1000 - 2295.00

A800 — 595.00

Cable - 49.00

Ready To Run $2939.00

Advanced Computer
Products System
Package Special

$ 2495 °°

• Z80 CPU on Apple Card

• CP/M 2.2 by Digital Research

• Microsoft BASIC MBASIC 5.0

• GBASIC 5.0 includes Apple

Graphics COBOL & FORTRAN-80

• File transfer functions for reading NOW IN STOCK

13 or 16 sector Apple diskettes nn . ie+

• Will use 80 x 24 cards & terminals ^ J4S,UU Llst

• Can use Language Card for 56 K Qr

CP/M

/HICRpSOfT

$329

The Vista V300 Printer

» 25 CPS printspeed
» Static print impact k

> 136 printable columns ^iBBBSSSSSSBSB

> 1/120-inch min. char spacing Ujk
» 1/48-inch min. line spacing ^B
» 1000 msec, line feed time ^B
» 40 msec, line feed time ^B

» 381 mm (15") max. paper width^BMMMI '

* Multistrike fabric black ribbon

* 96 print characters

* Standard 96 character wheel

* Standard parallel or RS232 C Compatible

» 115V ±10%, 50/60 Hz, 70 W power requirements

AVAILABLE SOON!

VISTA 80-TRACK
APPLE DISK DRIVE

Can boot & run standard Apple disks

Can boot & run 80-track diskettes for over

300 kbytes of storage

Based on MPI B91 Drive

Uses Apple Disk Interface

Uses Apple DOS 3.2 or 3.3 (3.3 required for

80-track operation)

List $499.00

$459.00

integrated

INTERNAL
Ssl . CHASSIS

BIT 3

X SLIDE -IN

RACK MOUNTING
^ FEATURE

80 by 24 VIDEO BOARD - —

— Fully compatible w/Apple II

— Has video input from Apple II

— Can switch between Apple

video and 80 by 24 video under software
control

— Fully follows Pascal protocols no system
reconfiguration needed

— Comes with 7x9 character generator full
upper/lowercase

— Light pen input supported in firmware (light

pen not included) $349 95

ROMWRITER

Program your own EPROMs. Create your own
firmware. Programs 2K, 2716 5V EPROMs.

Disk software package provides easy EPROM
programming. EPROMs are verified after
BURN. RUN your programs from on-board
socket or install

them on ROMPLUS. $175 00

Wordstar from Micro-Pro

The "ultimate Word Processor"
requires Z80 Softcard, Ramcard,
and 80 col card

QQ* on

Mail-Merge

Enhancement package for
Wordstar available now.

$169/

, ~ ON A

! PLUG-IN CARD.

' Microsoft’s new RAMCard
simply plugs into your Apple II,
and adds 16K bytes of
dependable, buffered read/write
storage. A _ _

Locksmith Ver. 3.1

Back-up your valuable software
only

$169

$79.«

/ - STORE #1: 1310 “B” E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705

VA TWA NTFJ> STORE #2: 542 W Trimble Road, San Jose, CA 951 31 • (408) 946 7010

COMPUTER

PRODUCTS , FOR INTE RNATIONAl ORDf RS

1310 E. Edinger (714) 953-0604
Santa Ana, CA 92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse

RETAIL STORES
OPEN MON SAT.

P.O. Box 1 7329 Irvine. Calif 92713
Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813
(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 61

IAC MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION

The International Apple Core is a
non-profit organization composed of
Apple computer user groups
throughout the world. Membership
is available to user groups as Full
Members, to companies and individ-
uals as Sponsors, and to educational
and charitable institutions as Asso-
ciates. Details of memberships are
described below.

The IAC was formed to dissemi-
nate all types of information from
Apple clubs and the related compu-
ter industry. Our publication, the
Apple Orchard, provides the latest
and best information on a quarterly
basis. Membership includes a sub-
scription. Members also receive
technical information in the form of
Apnotes. These cover Apple Compu-
ters, related equipment, and related
products from other manufacturers.
Timely and fast-breaking news is
covered in our monthly Bulletin.

FULL MEMBERSHIP

Apple user clubs are the principle
reason for the IAC’s existence today.
We provide them many services
beyond information dissemination.
A newsletter exchange coordinator
facilitates newsletter swapping be-
tween clubs. Our software librarian
collects and distributes public do-
main software. Depending on the
software’s availability, new diskettes
are sent out as frequently as once a
month. We support special interest
groups which our member clubs can-
not: education, handicapped, medi-
cal, ham radio, and legal SIG’s are ex-
amples. The Orchard publishes a
complete list of our member clubs so
that interested users may easily get

in touch. There is even a committee
just to help new Apple clubs get
started.

As a Full Member, your club will
be able to participate in the election
of IAC Directors. Directors provide
an important link between member
clubs and the IAC. As your represen-
tatives they set the IAC’s policies and
guide its administration. When
schedules permit, the Directors and
Officers are available to meet with
clubs for personal input and ex-
change of ideas.

Full Membership is open to all Ap-
ple Computer User Groups. The
combined initiation fee and annual
dues will be $50.00 (U.S.) for 1981.
To enroll your club, simply return a
completed application form with
your first year’s dues.

SPONSORS

Manufacturers having business re-
lated to Apple Computers need
timely access to information that the
IAC distributes. In addition many will
seek access to the IAC membership
for business interests, either to pro-
mote a product or to conduct market
research. The Sponsoring member-
ship is tailored to meet commercial
interests.

In addition to the information sent
to all members, Sponsors receive
several benefits. Up to date mailing
lists of our membership will be sent
on request. Sponsors are given pref-
erential placement of their advertis-
ing in the Orchard. Also, Sponsors
are listed in each issue of the
Orchard. Sponsors are welcome io
participate in all the activities of the
IAC, and are encouraged to explore

marketing potential with the IAC
administration.

The Sponsoring membership is
open to all corporations and individ-
uals that wish it. The annual mem-
bership fee during 1981 has been set
at $200. Membership extends for a
full 12 months.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIPS

The Associate Membership was
created to help educational, re-
search, and charitable institutions
that have an interest in Apple Com-
puters but cannot join the IAC for
financial reasons. Associate mem-
bers receive only the printed mater-
ials sent to all members. If software
and other additional IAC services are
desired, the institution is encour-
aged to organize a user group which
may apply for Full Membership.

The Associate Membership is
open only to non-profit institutions
at no cost. Membership applications
must be accompanied by evidence
that the institution is non-profit. If the
membership will be care of an indi-
vidual, evidence must be provided
that the individual represents the en-
tire institution to the IAC. Pease sub-
mit whatever you feel is appropriate
to demonstrate these requirements.
Due to the diversity of institutions
and countries, the IAC cannot set any
fast rules. Associate Membership ap-
plications will be judged on their
merit by the IAC President.

For information on becoming a
member of IAC please write:

International Apple Core

P.O. Box 976

Daly City, CA 94017

PAGE 62

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

CORRECTED PAGE 82— SPRING
ISSUE, 1981

PA = Packed Array [0..0] OF Char;

Memo r y_T y p e =

RECORD

CASE Boolean
OF

true: (pointer : ~PA) ;

false: (location : Integer);

END {CASE};

VAR

plot_buf f er
text_buf f er

base_text
base graphics
mo d e_t able

null ,
blank

i,

y>

top_js
cur sor_x ,
cursor y

PROCEDURE Clear (ch: Char);

: Plot_Type;

: Text_Type;

: Array [0..23] OF Integer;

: Array [0..47] OF Integer;

: Packed Array [0. .255] of Char;

: Char;

: Integer;

BEGIN

Fill_Char
Fill__Char
F ill_Char
Fill_Char
F ill_Char
F ill_Char
F ill_Char
Fill_Char
cursor_x
cur sor_y
END {Clear}

( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
( text_buf f er .pointer
= 0 ; '

= 0 ;

[ 0],

120,

ch) ;

[128] ,

120,

ch) ;

[256] ,

120,

ch) ;

[384] ,

120,

ch) ;

[512] ,

120,

ch) ;

[640] ,

120,

ch) ;

[768] ,

120,

ch) ;

[896] ,

120,

ch) ;

PROCEDURE Str_I (I: Integer; VAR. Item: String);

VAR

L

: Integer;

BEGIN
L : = I;

Str (L, Item) ;
END {Str_I } ;

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 63

CORRECTED PAGE 84— SPRING
ISSUE, 1981

PROCEDURE Mixed;

VAR

y : Integer;

BEGIN

color := 0;

Poke (-16298, null);

Poke (-16300, null);

Poke (-16301, null) ;

Poke (-16304, null);

Clear (null ) ;

Fill_Char ( text_buffer .pointer^ [592], 40, blank);

Fill_Char ( text_buf f er .pointer^ [720], 40, blank);

Fill_Char ( text_buffer .pointer^ [848], 40, blank);

Fill_Char ( text_buf f er .pointer^ [976], 40, blank);
top_y := 20;
cursor_x := 0;
cursor_y := top__y;

END;

PROCEDURE Plot {(x, y: Integer)};

BEGIN

x : = x MOD 40 ;
y := y MOD 48;

plot_buffer .pointer^ [base graphics [y] + x + x + (y MOD 2)] := color;

END {Plot};

PROCEDURE HLIN {(xl, x2, y: Integer)};

VAR

base ,

x : Integer;

BEGIN

xl := xl MOD 40;

x2 := x2 MOD 40;

y := y MOD 48;

base := base graphics [y] + (y MOD 2);
x : = xl + xl ;

WHILE x <= (x2 + x2)

DO

BEGIN

plot_buffer .pointer'" [base + x] := color;
x : = x + 2 ;

END {WHILE};

END {HLIN};

PROCEDURE VLIN {( yl , y2, x: Integer)};

VAR

base

y : Integer;

TH€ LAW OFF ICC MANAGCMCNT SVSTCM
FOA THC APPLC II COMPUTCA

How fast can you get answers
to these questions?

• What are my critical dates for the next
two weeks?

• Do we have any receivables over 30 days?

• Is Mr Jones’ account current?

• How soon can you give me an analysis of
my vacationing partner’s case load?

With COMPU-LAW the answer is
“IMMEDIATELY”.

COMPU-LAW is designed to make office
management effortless, allowing lawyers
to practice LAW.

IMPORTANT FEATURES:

Easy to Use/Menu Driven

In test sites temporary help was able to use the program with no training

Case and Matter Control

Step by step analysis of all actions taken in case or matters

Critical Dates

Lawyers will not miss important deadlines

Attorney’s Billing Package

Invoices with as much detail as desired

Legal Memoranda and Form Management
Use with any 80 Column Word Processor
Computerized Expanded Rolodex™

Attorney Library Management
Open and Closed Files

Please contact below for more information:

OCCISIONMAKCRS. INC.

3130 Impala Drive, Suite 200, San Jose CA 95117

In Northern California In Southern California

Call: (408) 379-3935 Call: (714) 675-6689

Tree Message Number: (800) 325-6000
Give Operator Identification Number “N1431” and message

The Text Solution for APPLE II®

Now APPLE II® Owners Can Solve Text Problems
With VIDEOTERM 80 Column by 24 Line Video Display
Utilizing 7X9 Dot Character Matrix

Perhaps the most annoying shortcoming of the Apple II® is its limitation of displaying only 40 columns by 24 lines of
text, all in uppercase. At last, Apple II® owners have a reliable, trouble-free answer to their text display problem.
VIDEOTERM generates a full 80 columns by 24 lines of text, in upper and lower case. Twice the number of characters as
the standard Apple II® display. And by utilizing a 7 by 9 character matrix, lower case letters have true descenders. But
this is only the start.

VIDEOTERM, MANUAL,
SWITCHPLATE

■ HU '()* + ,-, /
612345678 9 : ; < = >?
fPBCDEF GHIJKLHNO
P 0 R ■ S T U V H X Y Z I \ ] A _
'abcdtfjhijklitino
pqrst'U'vixyif I } ” I

7X12 MATRIX
18X80 OPTIONAL

! •## U ' ( ) * ♦ i - . /
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : j < = >?
fABCDEFSH I JKLMNO
P 0 R S T U V U X Y Z [ \ ] t _
'abcdefgh i j k lino
pqrstuvwxyzf!}"#

VIDEOTERM

BASICS VIDEOTERM lists BASIC programs, both Integer and Applesoft, using the entire 80
^ columns. Without splitting keywords. Full editing capabilities are offered using the

ft ESCape key sequences for cursor movement. With provision for stop/start text

|ft scrolling utilizing the standard Control-S entry. And simultaneous on-screen display

of text being printed.

^ Pascal Installation of VIDEOTERM in slot 3 provides Pascal immediate control of the

display since Pascal recognizes the board as a standard video display terminal and
treats it as such. No changes are needed to Pascal’s MISC.INFO or GOTOXY files,
although customization directions are provided. All cursor control characters are
identical to standard Pascal defaults.

Other The new Microsoft Softcard* is supported. So is the popular D. C. Hayes Micro-

Boards modem II* , utilizing customized PROM firmware available from VIDEX. The power-

ful EasyWriter* Professional Word Processing System and other word processors
are now compatible with VIDEOTERM. Or use the Mountain Hardware ROMWriter"
(or other PROM programmer) to generate your own custom character sets. Natural-
ly, VIDEOTERM conforms to all Apple OEM guidelines, assurance that you will have
no conflicts with current or future Apple 11“ expansion boards.

Advanced VIDEOTERM’s on-board asynchronous crystal clock ensures flicker-free character display.

Hardware Only the size of the Pascal Language card, VIDEOTERM utilizes CMOS and low power con-

Design sumption ICs, ensuring cool, reliable operation. All ICs are fully socketed for easy

maintenance. Add to that 2K of on-board RAM, 50 or 60 Hz operation, and provision of power
and input connectors for a light pen. Problems are designed out, not in.

Available The entire display may be altered to inverse video, displaying black characters on a white

Options field. PROMs containing alternate character sets and graphic symbols are available from

Videx. A switchplate option allows you to use the same video monitor for either the
VIDEOTERM or the standard Apple II" display, instantly changing displays by flipping a
single toggle switch. The switchplate assembly inserts into one of the rear cut-outs in the
Apple II* case so that the toggle switch is readily accessible. And the Videx KEYBOARD
ENHANCER can be installed, allowing upper and lower case character entry directly from
your Apple II" keyboard.

Firmware IK of on-board ROM firmware controls all operation of the VIDEOTERM. No machine
language patches are needed for normal VIDEOTERM use.

Firmware Version 2.0

Characters 7x9 matrix Display 24 x 80 (full descenders)

Options 7x12 matrix option; 18 x 80 (7 x 12 matrix with full descenders)

Alternate user definable
character set option;

Inverse video option.

Want to know more? Contact your local Apple dealer today for a demonstration. VIDEOTERM is available
through your local dealer or direct from Videx in Corvallis, Oregon. Or send for the VIDEOTERM Owners
Reference Manual and deduct the amount if you decide to purchase. Upgrade your Apple II* to full terminal
capabilities for half the cost of a terminal. VIDEOTERM. At last.

Available

Options

Display 24 x 80 (full descenders)

18 x 80 (7 x 12 matrix with full descenders)

7X9 MATRIX
24X80 STANDARD

Apple II* is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

ROMWriter’ is a trademark of Mountain Hardware Inc.
Micromodem 1C is a trademark of D. C. Hayes Associates Inc.
Softcard’ is a trademark of Microsoft

EasyWriter’ is a trademark of Information Unlimited Software Inc

PRICE: • VIDEOTERM includes manual $345

• SWITCHPLATE $ 19

• MANUAL refund with purchase . . $ 19

•7x12 CHARACTER SET $ 39

• MICROMODEM FIRMWARE $ 25

APPLE II® OWNERS!

introducing the

KEYBOARD & DISPLAY

ENHANCER

■ PUT THE SHIFT AND SHIFT LOCK BACK WHERE IT BELONGS
■ SEE REAL UPPER AND lower CASE ON THE SCREEN
•ACCESS ALL YOUR KEYBOARD ASCII CHARACTERS

Videx has the perfect companion for your
word processor software: the KEYBOARD
AND DISPLAY ENHANCER Install the
enhancer in your APPLE II and be typing in
lower case just like a typewriter. If you want an
upper case character, use the SHIFT key or the
CTRL key for shift lock. Not only that, but you
see upper and lower case on the screen as you
type. Perfectly compatible with Apple Writer
and other word processors like, for example,
Super-Text.

If you want to program in BASIC, just put it
back into the alpha lock mode; and you have
the original keyboard back with a few im-

provements. Now you can enter those elusive 9
characters directly from the keyboard, or re-
quire the Control key to be pressed with the
RESET to prevent accidental resets.

KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY
ENHANCER is recommended for use with all
revisions of the APPLE II. It includes 6 ICs. and
EPROM and dip-switches mounted on a PC
board, and a jumper cable. Easy installation,
meaning no soldering or cutting traces. Alter-
nate default modes are dip-switch selectable.
You can even remap the keyboard, selecting an
alternate character set, for custom applications.

PRICE • KDE-700 (REV. 7 or greater) $129.

• KDE-000 (REV. 6 or less) $129.

Apple II® is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

videx 19 mam

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record keeping.

With this program, keep track of all your checks
by category, payee, check number and date. Ac-
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Checkbook balance is reconciled to bank
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HELP requires Applesoft, 32K and one disk drive.

$34.95 SPECIAL $29.95 postage paid if pur-
chased by October 31, 1981

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509-397-4549

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THE ULTIMATE IN COMPUTER AIDED IN-
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ZES is not a language but a completely menu-
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• Branching Capabilities With Elaborate
Student Record Keeping Demo Package 10.00

Complete System $250.00

Also: SENTENCE DIAGRAMMING, The only one
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Sentences, Teacher Formatted $19.95

THE CREATIVITY TOOL BOX Drawing, Poetry
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Documentation. $44.95

HI-RES SECRETS

BLOCK SHAPES FOR APPLESOFT OR
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There’s no
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* Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

USING 6502

ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

Programming 6502 Assembly Language is no
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Randy Hyde has written the book that’s easy to
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For the average Apple H owner and the newest
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Let Mr. Hyde get you started immediately, with
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thanks to Mr. Hyde

$19.95 per easy-reading copy at computer
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VISA/MASTERCHARGE accepted.
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FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 67

USER GROUP FORUM

conducted by Randy Fields

NOTE: The International Apple
Core (IAC) receives many re-
quests for information about
starting and running Apple
Users’ Groups. I’ve asked Randy
Fields to conduct this column to
discuss many facets of Club ac-
tivities in a practical way. Randy
is Past President of the San Fran-
cisco Apple Core, and is the
lAC’s New Club Assistance
Chairman. His sometimes pain-
fully-won background in club
policies, procedures, and prac-
tices is here for all of us; write if
you have questions about Club
matters.

— PCW

In the Summer issue of Apple Or-
chard, we discussed how an Apple
Users Group (Club) is started and
outlined many areas which form the
foundation for a successful Club.
This time, we’ll cover one Club’s ap-
proach to meetings, and some
thoughts on governing of Club
business.

First, meetings, as practiced by
A. P.P.L.E. -Washington, based in
Seattle. This Club is best known for
its excellent publication, Call-
A.P.P.L.E., but their experience
with meetings is no less valuable.
Here’s their report:

A. P.P.L.E. is a dual-purpose club:
we are both a medium-sized local

club (400 members in a sprawling
metropolitan area), and the largest
international one (over 7,000 mem-
bers in total). We’ve not done the best
job in the area of local meetings, ad-
mittedly, having rotated them
among local dealers — both because
of the geographic area to be covered
coupled with members’ desires not
to travel too far, and because we
didn’t have our own space.

We have had difficulty in finding
both a format and the needed num-
ber of exciting presentations. We
want to change this now that we have
space for holding some (at least) of
our meetings on our own turf. In pre-
paration, we’ve been talking with
other clubs about how they do their
meetings, and find the following use-

ful ideas(many ofwhich we are work-
ing to incorporate):

— your own space, at least for some
meetings, where you can talk
freely without offending the dealer
host, where your hardware can
stay set up, etc. Community col-
leges and larger high schools are
one possibility if you can’t swing
your own space; a skill-tradeout
with the host should make the idea
acceptable to the school.

— a mix of scheduled speakers and
informal (probably small-group)
hands-on sessions. Some clubs
meet twice monthly, alternating
their format. Hands-on means
hardware, so this is tied to the
issue above.

PAGE 68

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

— both a program chairperson who
lines up speakers (or a committee
to contribute wider contacts), and
a detail/logistics person to make
sure what needs to get done ac-
tually does.

— shameless raiding of local com-
panies, the telecommunications
nets, and visiting firemen for pos-
sible presentors. It helps if you can
pay for periodic top speakers (at
least travel expenses).

— investment in either a covey of
monitors, or a projection TV sys-
tem; the folks in the back get
turned off quickly when they can’t
see the screen.

— a rule of “no game playing in the
back” when the meeting is on, ex-
cept during the “hands-on” ses-
sions. The beep-beep from the
latest shoot-em-up game in the
hands of younger members is not
only disruptive, it is damned rude.

— development of a wider sense of
purpose; perhaps through com-
munity service projects, linkage to
a school or students, etc. The ham
radio operators have used this ap-
proach very successfully, why
can’t we?

The above is only a starter list. We
hope to develop a forum for club dis-
cussion of these and other ideas.
We’d like to hear what the very suc-
cessful local clubs have been doing
with meetings, together with the
problems others are having.

CLUB GOVERNMENT

Two Percent for Ninety-Eight Per-
cent. Now that we have your Club up
and running, we will cover how the
Club is governed. Since the club is
formed around a tool for both busi-
ness and pleasure (the Apple and/or
other computers), some members
will voluntarily supply the creativity
to make the User Group a dynamic
and interesting organization. (This
creativity, if not channeled and
managed, can also be the downfall of
the Club.) Note: It is common in
many volunteer organizations that 2
percent of the members do 98 per-
cent of the work. However, the other

98 percent supply the money for the
Club to carry out its activities.

In the Beginning. The way a Club
sets policies, makes and implements
decisions, and spends the members’
money depends to a great extent on
the size of the Club. The Founder
and/or first President plus the first
members play a crucial role in the
Club’s development and early
growth by making the major deci-
sions affecting how new members
will be found, what general qualifi-
cations they should have, how much
membership dues will be, etc., etc.

The “Nuclear” Club. If the Club has
done the “advertising” for members
effectively and by the time it has
25-50 members, the nucleus of the
Club officers is present. Using a
modified version of the San Fran-
cisco Apple Core’s Bylaws, the fol-
lowing description of the President’s
and other officers’ functions are pro-
vided. The traditional officers are:
President, Vice President, Treasurer,
and Secretary. Initially, the Founder
is all of these. The next officer can be
the Secretary/Treasurer. As the Club
expands, the functions of the officers
are split up. When and how they are
split depends on the how much work
there is to do, and how much time
each of the officers have.

President. The President is the
general manager and chief executive
officer and has general supervision,
direction and control of the organiza-
tion and other officers. The President
presides at all meetings of the mem-
bers and at all governing meetings.
The President has the general
powers and duties of management
usually vested in the office of
President.

Vice President. In the absence or
disability of the President, the Vice
President performs all the duties of
the President and, when so acting,
has all the powers of, and be subject
to all the restrictions upon, the Presi-
dent. The Vice President shall have
such other powers and perform such
other duties as from time to time
may be prescribed by the President.

Secretary. The Secretary keeps a
book of minutes of all meetings of
members, the governing meetings
and its committees, with the time
and place of holding, the names of
those present at governing meetings

and committee meetings, the num-
ber of members present, and the pro-
ceedings. The Secretary keeps the
Constitution and Bylaws, as
amended to date.

The Secretary gives notice of all
meetings of the members and of the
governing meetings and any com-
mittees, and shall have such other
powers and perform such other
duties as may be prescribed at the
governing meetings.

Treasurer. The Treasurer is the chief
financial officer and keeps and main-
tains adequate and correct accounts
of the properties and business trans-
actions of the corporation, and re-
ports to the governing members
such financial statements and re-
ports as are required by law or for
proper management. The books of
account is open to inspection by any
member at all times.

The T reasurer deposits all moneys
and other valuables in the name and
to the credit of the organization with
such depositaries as may be desig-
nated at the governing meetings.
The Treasurer disburses the funds as
may be ordered at the governing
meetings, renders to the President
and the officers an account of all
transactions and of the financial con-
dition of the organization, and shall
have such other powers and perform
such other duties as may be pre-
scribed at the governing meetings.

An example. If your Club grows at
the rate of 5 new members per
month (which is reasonable), your
Club will have about 50 members at
the end of the first year. Shortly after
the Club is in operation, the Secre-
tary/Treasurer starts the member-
ship list and collects the dues. If the
membership dues are $25, the trea-
sury will grow from $0 to about
$1,000 before expenses. Once the
second year starts, 10 membership
renewals/month plus 10 new mem-
bers effectively doubles the work-
load for the Secretary/Treasurer.
This dynamic will probably elicit a
“Wow, am I busy,” and additional
help will be requested. Depending on
the desires of the President and
Secretary/Treasurer, the job can be
split into its two components, or a
Membership Committee (of one or
more people) can be formed.

Elections and Appointments. In the

earliest stages of a Club’s develop-

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 69

ment and growth, the officers may be
appointed to their positions by the
Founder and/or President. As the
Club grows and more volunteers be-
come active in its management, it is
desirable to have the officers elected
by a vote of the membership. Cam-
paigns can be held, ballots with
qualification statements can be
given out or mailed to the member-
ship, and majority’s will can be
served. If the Club continues to grow
with many members outside the
local area, the members can elect a
Board of Directors who appoint the
Club officers. When these various
transitions take place depends on

As scheduled, the IAC annual
meeting was held in Chicago on May
Second and Third. Representatives
from member clubs came from as far
away as Singapore to attend. The
meeting began with an open forum
discussion on copy protection. As
might be expected, a variety of opin-
ions were expressed by both users
and manufacturers. It’s clear that the
issue is far from solved. Following
the forum, Directors from each (IS.
region were elected. Ballots from ab-
sent member clubs were combined
with the floor vote to reach a deter-
mination. Jerry Vitt from the South
and Bernie Urban from the East were
the two incumbents re-elected to
their posts. James Hassler was
elected from the Northern region,
and Jim Simpson was elected from
the West. During the next day the
IAC hosted a series of seminars on
Apple-related subjects. To start the
day, Apple showed their impressive
multimedia slide show. Barry Yar-

the desires of the membership and
the need for effective management.

All committee heads are ap-
pointed by the President and serve at
the President’s pleasure. There are:
Standing committees and Special
committees. Standing committees,
such as: Membership, Newsletter
and Library, perform the on-going
tasks of the Club while Special com-
mittees such as: Election, New Meet-
ing Place Location, and Special
Equipment Acquisition, are ap-
pointed to carry out specific, inter-
mittent assignments. When the need
to get something done is perceived,

INSIDE THE IAC

by Joe Budge

IAC Secretary

koni, from Apple, followed with a
report on the recent history of the
Apple ///, concluding with the an-
nouncement that the machine was
debugged and operational. The two
Steves spoke on their recent activi-
ties. John Couch, also from Apple,
presented some of his thoughts and
philosophies on the future of soft-
ware development. Tom Woteki of
Washington Apple Pi gave an infor-
mative explanation of Pascal from
the beginner’s standpoint, and Mark
Pump of the Northwest Illinois Users
Group did the same for DOS. Dick
Switzer from Verbatim showed how
disks are made and explained how
they work. Vern Rayburn from
Microsoft gave an excellent presen-
tation covering CP/M on the Apple II.
Phil Roybal, the closing speaker, ex-
cited everyone with his views on the
computer revolution.

The IAC would like to thank all
the speakers for the time and effort
they put into their presentations. We

ask for volunteers, set up a commit-
tee, notify the members, and ask for
a report at the next governing or
general meeting.

Final observation on officers and
management. Above it was noted
that 2 percent of the members do 98
percent of the work. However, this 2
percent will do about 75 percent of
the work that has to be done. Some
volunteers will perform at 150 per-
cent, others at 50 percent. Who will
do how much at any given time is a
semi-random function. But, take
heart, all of the activities that NEED
to be performed somehow get done.

would also like to thank all the volun-
teers from NI AUG and the rest of the
Northern region who made the
whole weekend possible.

During the several months since
the last issue of the Apple Orchard
went to press, the IAC has sent
several mailings to its member
clubs. These are listed here:

— IAC software disks 6, 7, 8, and 9
were shipped.

— A set of Apnotes was sent in July.

— The Bulletin has been going out on
a monthly basis.

— All clubs who were members at the
time should have received the July
Orchard (and this one).

— A packet of information contain-
ing pointers for writing for the
Orchard.

— A listing of the IAC documentation
library. I

PAGE 70

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
SPONSORING MEMBERS

IAC Sponsors are a special breed.
They are the organizations who con-
tribute to and support many IAC acti-
vities. In addition, they provide us ap-
plication notes concerning their
products — notes that show new and
different ways to utilize the Spon-
sors’ products with modifications for
special purposes. When you con-
sider a software or product purchase,
give our sponsors special considera-
tion; they have shown that they care
about their customers.

Apple Computer Inc.

10260 Bandley Drive
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 996-1010

Axiom Corporation

1014 Griswold Avenue
San Fernando CA 91340
(213) 365-9521

Belk Enterprises

125 E. Alton Avenue
Santa Ana, CA 92707
(714) 641-0945

Bell & Howell

7100 McCormick Road
Chicago, IL 60645
(312) 262-1600

Compuserve-Micronet

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.
Columbus OH 43220
(614) 457-8600

Creative Computing

39 E. Hanover Avenue
Morris Plains, NJ 07960
(201) 540-0445

Custom Computing Systems, Inc.

122 Second Avenue North
Saskatoon, Sask. Canada
S7K2B2
(306) 664-8933

dilithium Press
P.O. Box 606
Beaverton, OR 97075
(503)646-2713

Epson America, Inc.

23844 Hawthorne Blvd.

Torrance, CA 90505
(213) 378-2220

Hayes Microcomputer Products

5835 Peachtree Corners East
Norcross, GA 30092
(404) 449-8791

Image Computer Products, Inc.

615 Academy Drive
Northbrook, IL 60062

Interactive Structures, Inc.

P.O. Box 404

Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004

(215) 667-1713

Malibu Electronics Corp.

2301 Townsgate Road
Westlake Village, CA 91361
(805) 469-1990

Mountain Computer, Inc.

300 Harvey West Blvd.

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

Nestar Systems, Inc.

2585 East Bayshore Road
Palo Alto, CA 94303
(415) 493-2223

Okidata Corporation

111 Gaither Drive
Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054
(609) 235-2600

Peachtree Software

3 Corporate Square, Suite 700
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 325-8533

Peripherals Unlimited

2105 Sheriff Court
Vienna, VA 22180

Siro-tech Software Products

6 Main Street
Ogdensburg, NY 13669
(315) 393-5151

Source Telecomputing Corp.

1616 Anderson Road
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 821-6660

SSM Microcomputer Products,
Inc.

2190 Paragon Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 946-7400

Syntauri, Ltd.

3506 Waverly Street
Palo Alto, CA 94306
(415) 494-1017

Verbatim Corporation

323 Soquel Way
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408) 245-4400

Vista Computer Company

1317 E. Edinger Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 953-0523

Xerox Retail Markets Div.

7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 306
Oakland, CA 94621
(415) 632-5808

(For information on Sponsoring
Membership in the IAC, write to:
Sponsors, IAC, P.O. Box 976, Daly
City, C A 94017). ^

"NWS

II

ST

Rl

FIC"

(For

Yo

UPi

Pi

e)

NIBBLE 18: The Reference for Apple computing!

NIBBLE IS: One of the Fastest Growing new Magazines in
the Personal Computing Field.

NIBBLE IS: Providing Comprehensive, Useful and
Instructive Programs for the Home, Small Business, and
Entertainment.

NIBBLE IS: A Reference to Graphics, Games, Systems
Programming Tips, Product News and Reviews, Hardware
Construction Projects, and a host of other features.

Trap ’em ^ NIBBLE IS: A magazine suitable for both the Beginner and

the Advanced Programmer.

Each issue of NIBBLE features significant new Programs of Commercial Quality. Here’s
what some of our Readers say:

- “ Certainly the best magazine on the Apple II”

- “ Programs remarkably easy to enter”

- "Stimulating and Informative; So much so that this is the first computer magazine I've
subscribed to!”

- ‘‘Impressed with the quality and content.”

- ‘‘NIBBLE IS TERRIFIC! ”

In coming issues . look for:

□ Stocks and Commodities Charting □ Assembly Language Programming Column

□ Pascal Programming Column □ Data Base Programs for Home and Business

□ Personal Investment Analysis □ Electronic Secretary for Time Management

□ The GIZMO Business Simulation Game

And many many more!

NIBBLE is focused completely ! nibble m = I

on the Apple Computer systems. | We accept Master Charge & Visa L

Buy NIBBLE through your local ■ MA 01773 <617) 259 ' 971 °

Apple Dealer or subscribe now with J Enclosed is my $17.50 (for one year). 1

the coupon below. _ (Outside U.S., see special rates on this page.) |

Try a NIBBLE! I ^ check ^ money order

NOTE:

First Class or Air Mail is required for all APO, FPO and all foreign addresses
with the following additional amounts.

Europe $32.00; Mexico and Central America $21.00; South America $32.00;
Middle East $35.00; Africa: North $32.00, Central $43.00, South $43.00; Far
East, Australia $43.00; Canada $18.00; APO FPO $7.50.

All payments must be in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.
e 1980 by MICRO-SPARC., INC. Lincoln, Mass. 01773. All rights reserved.

* Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Company.

nibble

We accept Master Charge & Visa
Box 325, Lincoln, MA. 01773 (617) 259-9710

I'll try nibble!

Enclosed is my $17.50 (for one year).

(Outside U.S., see special rates on this page.)

□ check □ money order

Your subscription will begin with the next issue published after receipt of your
check/money order.

Expires

Telephone

Name

Address

PAGE 72

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE
MEMBER CLUB ROSTER

This roster of member clubs is directed primarily at APPLE ORCHARD readers who either currently don’t belong to any
Club, or who are looking for additional sources of information. The roster is arranged alphabetically by country and state/
province. In addition, some clubs have a membership, publication and/or software services which go beyond local geo-
graphic boundaries. Readers may wish to contact these Clubs and request a sample newsletter. If you do, we recommend
enclosing a check for two dollars to cover their postage and handling costs.

AUSTRALIA

ACTAPPLE
Peter Bray, Pres.

33 Scarlett St.

Melba, ACT, Australia 2615
Tel: 889352

EMU

lan Webster, Coord.

Box 3143, G.P.O.

Sydney, NSW Australia 2001
Tel: (02) 43 4826

COMPUTER EDUCATION GROUP
OF NSW

Steve Holborow, Pres.

P.O. Box 148

Syndey, NSW Australia 2007
Tel: 857467

APPLE USERS GROUP
Peter Kazakos, Treas.

8 Leemon Street
Condell Park, NSW
Australia 2200

W. A. U. G.

Dr. Patrick Lip, Pres.

P.O. Box 19
Wondai, Queensland
Australia 4606
Tel: 074-9922-84

S. AUSTRALIAN APPLE USERS CLUB
David Mooney, Sec’y.
do The Bookshelf, 169 Pirie St.
Adelaide, So. Australia 5000
Tel: 08 223 5808

TAS APPLE USERS CLUB
P.O. Box 188
North Hobart, Tasmania
Australia 7000

MICOM

Stephen Dart, Pres.

P.O. Box 60
Canterbury, Victoria
Australia 3126
Tel: 03-509-9729

APPLE USERS CLUB
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Tim Russell, Pres.

269 Marmion St.
Cottlesloe, W. A.

Australia 601 1
Tel: 09-457-1555

AUSTRIA

APPLE USER CLUB AUSTRIA
M. Weissenboeck, Pres.

P.O. Box 51

A-l 181 Wien, Austria 0
Tel: 01 143-222-476216

BRAZIL

BRAZIL APPLE CLUBE
Dr. Luiz E. Pellanda, Pres.
Rua Maestro Pena 90
Porto Allegre, Brazil 90 000
Tel: 0512-23-0577

CANADA

APPLE B. C. USERS SOCIETY
Gary Little, Pres.

# 101-2044 West Third Avenue
Vancouver, B. C. Canada
Tel: (604) 731-7886

APPLE-CAN
Lours H. Milrad, Pres.
P.O. Box 696 Station B
Willowdale, Ont.
Canada M2K 2P9
Tel: (416) 223-0599

BOLO/UB APPLE CLUB
Pierre Beaudin, Pres.

1208 Patenaude #3
Laval, Que. Canada H76 3H2
Tel: (514) 663-2771

CLUB APPLE DE MONTREAL
Gabriel Juteau, Sec’y.

32 Avenue Des Erables
St. Therese DE B1 Que.

Canada J7E 3T4
Tel: (5 14) 435-3204

CLUB DE M1CRO-ORDINATEUR
ST. JEAN

Ronald Leger, Sec’y.

P.O. Box 21

St. Jean, Que. Canada J3B 6Z1

SASK-APPLE RESEARCH GROUP
Kelvin Chu, Pres.

P.O. Box 291 Sub P.O. #6
Saskatoon, Sask. Canada S7N 0W0

COLOMBIA

GRUPO USARIOS APPLE DE
COLOMBIA

Jorge Ladron de Guevara
A.A 91226
Bogota, Colombia

ENGLAND

BRITISH APPLE SYSTEMS USER
GROUP

John Sharp, Chair
P.O. Box 174

Watford, England WD2 6NF
Tel: 09273-75093

MIDDLESEX MED SCH APPLE CLUB
Prof. J. F. Tait, Pres.

Cleveland St. — Physics Dep’t.

London, England W1P 6DB
Tel: 01-636-8333

GERMANY (Federal Republic)

APPLE OF EUROPE
Klaus Giuese, Pres.

P.O. Box 4068

Hattingen, West Germany D-4320
Tel: 0234/861410

APPLE CLUB FRANKFURT
Lothat Rockstroh, Pres.

Schweizer Str. 92
Frankfurt/M. 70
W. Germany D-6000
Tel: (061 1)-61-45-12

APPLE CLUB ROEDINGHAUSEN
Axel Vogt, Pres.

Wehmerhorstsr.l 10
Roedinghausen, Germany D-4986

HONG KONG

HONG KONG APPLE
c/o Delta Communication
15 Cumberland Road, Rear Portion
Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

HONG KONG APPLE DRAGON
Robert Gliss

101 Fu House, 7 Ice House St.

Hong Kong
Tel: 5-210295-8

INDONESIA

JAKARTA APPLE CORE
International School Computer Dep’t.
P.O. Box 79/KBT
Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia

IRELAND

APPLE USER— DUBLIN
Simon Stewart, Pres.

51 Lower Camden St.

Dublin 2, Ireland
Tel: 751484

COMPUTER EDUCATION SOCIETY
OF IRELAND
Michael Moynihan, Pres.

Leemount, Co. Cork, Ireland
Tel. (021)80362

PUT YOUR APPLE TO WORK FOR YOU!

WITH THE THUNDERCLOCK PLUS™

J DU

I *A
*A

DISK VOLUME 254

As an APPLE user you already know all the things your APPLE can do. Now Thunderware
expands that list with the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS, the complete clock/calendar system
for your APPLE! Your programs can read the month, date, day-of-week, hour,
minute, and second in any of APPLE'S languages. On-board batteries keep
your THUNDERCLOCK running accurately when your APPLE is off - for up

to 4 years before battery replacement. But that's just the beginning. ^ ^ ^

The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS is the most useful and versatile peripheral Wk : • "

you can put in your APPLE. It can keep your disk files organized by

time-and-date-stamping them, it enhances the usability of many of the % 8 '

new business/professional software packages for accounting, filing, and
time management, and it can remotely control lights and appliances
for security or display purposes in your business or home.

SOFTWARE PRODUCT COMPATIBILITY

Many of today's important software packages for data-base
management, business applications, communications, and time management are designed to use the
THUNDERCLOCK PLUS. If you have or plan to purchase any of these packages, a THUNDERCLOCK will greatly
enhance their usefulness.

•VISIDEX* (Personal Software) •DB MASTER and MICRO-MEMO (Stoneware) •MICRO-COURIER and MICRO-
TELEGRAM (Microcom) #THE CASHIER and THE STORE MANAGER (High Technology) ^BUSINESS PLUS and
__ NET-WORKS (Advanced Data Systems) ...and many others!

THUNDERWARE'S DOS-DATER

Our new DOS-DATER software upgrades the regular DOS on
your disks so that DOS will use the THUNDERCLOCK to time-
and-date-stamp disk files. Every time a program is saved or a file is
modified, the current date and time to the minute are stored in
the CATALOG with the file's name. You can tell at a glance when
a program was saved or when any file was last modified. And this
time/date stamping feature is completely automatic. That means
any program which uses DOS will time/date stamp its files!

REMOTE CONTROL

Add Thunderware's X-10 INTERFACE OPTION to your
THUNDERCLOCK PLUS and your APPLE can control lights and appliances through your BSR X-10 Home Control
System on your pre-defined schedules. Our powerful SCHEDULER software allows you to create and modify
schedules easily and execute them in the 'background', while using your APPLE for other tasks in the 'foreground'.
Use your APPLE for energy management, display and security lighting, or laboratory/process control.

Our PASCAL Software lets you use all the THUNDERCLOCK'S features in PASCAL and sets the F)iler date
whenever you boot.

You get all this versatility in just one peripheral system. Backed by a full one year warranty. See your APPLE dealer
for a demonstration, or contact us for more information. We'll give your APPLE the best time around!

Suggested retail prices:

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $139 THUNDERWARE, INC*

X-10 INTERFACE OPTION $49 P O * BOX 13322

PASCAL SOFTWARE DISK $29 0 (4 1 & 5 >65 2^1 73 ^ 1

DOS-DATER/DEMO DISK $29

MANUALS ONLY, each $5

♦Requires software supplied on DOS-DATER/DEMO disk.

Distributed by Apple Computer, Inc. bsr x-io is a trademark of bsr <usai ltd.

and Computerland Corp. APPLE ll is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

*A 006 HELLO
*A 006 CLOCK
*A 004 FRAME
*A 004 DISK INFO
*B 003 BACKOFF
*B 005 SCREEN
*B 002 TCPUTIL
*B 004 SDTIME.O
*A 007 ADIGCLK
*A Oil SET TIME
*1 009 IDIGCLK
*A 007 TIME
*A 003 SLOTFINDER
*A 014 DEMO

PAGE 74

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

ITALY

MELA-MANIA APPLE USER CLUB
Marco Bramucci, Pres.

Cappello Via Monte Pelago 2
Ancona, Italy 60100
Tel: 071/948892

JAPAN

DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC
SURGERY

Takatoshi Ide-Kurume U. Sch.
Medicine

1167 Asahi-Machi, Kurume
Fukouka, Japan

BAKED APPLE
K. Yamada

Miyadaira Apts. No. 1; 1575 Sugao
Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi
Kangawa, Japan

APPLE BUGS
Toshikazu Yamashita
20-29 Banchi Yamate-Cho 1 Chome
Suita City, Osaka, Japan

NEPAL

APPLE USERS

c/o Gerold V. Van Der Vlugt, M.D.
Kathmandu (ID)

Department of State
Washington D.C. 20520

MALAYSIA

APPLE ORCHARD
Taman Maluri
Batu 3, Jalan Cheras
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

NETHERLANDS

APPLE GEBRUIKERS GROEP
NEDERLAND
p/a J. P. Haas, Sec’y.
Bergselaan 145A
Rotterdam, Netherlands

NEW ZEALAND

ELECTRIC APPLE
Brian D. Strong, Pres.
P.O. Box 3476
Wellington, New Zealand
Tel: (04) 720432

NZ GROUP OF APPLE USERS
T. Stallknecht, Pres.

90 Washington Ave.

Brooklyn 2, New Zealand
Tel: 894800

PHILIPPINES

APPLE P. I.

Benjamin S. Jalandoni
3rd Floor, Liberty Bldg., Pasay Rd.
Makati/Manila, Philippines 31 16
Tel: 88-70-36

SCOTLAND

APPLE— EDEN
Colin O’Hara, Pres.

49 Monreith Road, Newlands
Glasgow, Scotland G43 2NZ

SOUTH AFRICA

TAC2 APPLE USERS GROUP
Harry Brindley, Sec’y.

P.O. Box 87421
Houghton, South Africa 2041

SPAIN

CATALUNYA APPLE CLUB
Sr. Rife Uriol, Pres.

Fabra y Puig 389 E/4
Barcelona-31, Spain
Tel: 254-7909

SWEDEN

APPLE USERS GROUP SWEDEN
Johan Nilson
P.O. Box 2039, S-200 12
Malmo, Sweden

SWITZERLAND

MICROCLUB
C. Eberhard, Fin. Mgr.

A. Rte. Villeret 48

St. Imier, Switzerland CH 2610

VENEZUELA

APPLE USERS OF PARAGUANA
Gary Menszyk

G. Sanderson— c/o Lagoven S.A.
Apt. 47

Judibana; Falcon
Venezuela 4147A
Tel: 58-69-51601

YUUGOSLAVIA

APPLE CLUB ZAGREB
Zeljko Lalic, Dipl. Ing.
Ruzmarinka 5, 41000
Zagreb, Yugoslavia 0

APO/FPO

THULE APPLE COMPUTER
OWNERS SOCIETY
Barry Russel, Pres,
c/o AFSCF DET 3
APO NY 09023

FETCH

Charles E. Cook, MNC
Naval Air Facility Box 13
FPO Seattle, WA 98767

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Alabama

APPLE CORPS OF BIRMINGHAM
Thomas D. Donahue, Pres.

P.O. Box 3321 : A
Birmingham, AL 35255
Tel: (205) 942-7006

NEWTON’S TREE APPLE USER
GROUP

Frank H. Emens, Pres.

3714 Lakewood Circle
Huntsville, AL 3581 1
Tel: (205) 852-0537

QUAD CITIES APPLE BYTERS
Peter A. Eckhoff, Pres.

129 E. Oak Hill Drive
Florence, AL 35630

Arkansas

LITTLE ROCK APPLE ADDICTS
Chris Johnson, Ed.

P.O. Box 55215 Hillcrest Sta.
Little Rock, AR 72205
Tel: (501) 568-5059

Arizona

APPLE C.A.R.T.

Warren Michelsen, Pres.

P.O.Box 2361
Page, AZ 86040
Tel: (602) 645-2141

ADAM-II

Steve Alexander, Pres.

P.O. Box 34056
Phoenix, AZ 85206
Tel: (602) 991-8393

MOUNTAIN VIEW APPLE USERS
GROUP

Joseph J. Cracchiolo, Pres.

1923 Viola Drive
Sierra Vista, AZ 85635
Tel: (602) 458-2332

GILA VALLEY APPLE
GROWERS ASS’N.

Don Lancaster, c/o Synergistics
P.O. Box 1077
Thatcher, AZ 85552
Tel: (602) 428-4073

TUCSON APPLE USERS GROUP
Dan Davidson, LCS
Pima College-2202 W. Anklam Rd.
Tucson, AZ 85709
Tel: (602) 884-6000

California

HFEA APPLE COMPUTER USERS
GROUP

Don Andert, Pres.

417 Meadowbrook Place
Anaheim, CA 92801
Tel: (714) 776-6384

PLACER COUNTY ED. FILM CEN.
1228 High Street
Auburn, CA 95603

APPLE BUG
Gary Atchinson, Pres.
4509 Millbrook Way
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Tel: (805) 831-7723

LERC ACES
Rod White, Sec’y.

P.O. Box 551
Burbank, CA 91520
Tel: (213) 847-3013

APPLE TREE

Daniel Weisenstein, Pres.

781 Hamilton Ave.

Campbell, CA 95008

TRI-NETWORK APPLE USERS
GROUP

Jeff Mazur, Pres.

8041 Sadring
Canoga Park, CA 91304
Tel: (213) 992-4993

AEROSPACE APPLE USER GROUP
Dwight U. Phillips, Pres.

28901 Lotusgarden Dr.

Canyon Country, CA 91351
Tel: (805) 251-1516

HESEA APPLE COMPUTER CLUB
Bud Grove, Pres.

21111 Dolores #146
Carson, CA 90745
Tel: (213) 549-9664

ABACUS USER GROUP
Ed Avelar, Pres.

2850 Jennifer Drive
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Tel: (415) 538-2431

APPLE FOR THE TEACHER
Ted Perry, Pres.

5848 Riddio St.

Citrus Heights, CA 95610

EAST VALLEY APPLE CLUB
Timothy Malone, Treas.

315 C. Diamond Bar Blvd.

Diamond Bar, CA 91765
Tel: (714) 598-7505

APPLE/VALLEY COMPUTER CLUB
John Stankiewiz, Pres.

4900 Newcastle
Encino, CA 91316
Tel: (213) 345-8507

UCLA APPLE USERS GROUP
Philip B. Ender, Pres.

17565 Bullock St.

Encino, CA 91316
Tel: (213) 825-1944

APPLE SAC
Ken Gray, Pres.

P.O. Box 874
Fairoaks, CA 95628
Tel: (916) 671-0230

NORTH COUNTY COMPUTER CLUB

Allen Chaikin

274 Morro Hills Blvd.

Fallbrook, CA 92028
Tel: (714) 728-7809

McDonnell douglas astro

APPLE GROUP
Larry E. Teselle, Pres.

16681 Mt. Darwin Circle
Fountain Valley, CA 92708
Tel: (714) 896-4717

RIDGECREST APPLE GROUP
Gene Thomas, Pres.

Star Rt. Box 109E
Inyokern, CA 93527

HI DESERT APPLE COMPUTER
GROUP

David F. Weaver, Pres.

P.O. Box 2702
Lancaster, CA 93539
Tel: (805) 277-5584

L. A. APPLE USERS GROUP
Philip Wasson, Pres.

9513 Hindry PI.

Los Angeles, CA 90045
Tel: (213) 649-1428

JPL COMPUTER/APPLE CLUB
H. Lowell Smith, Pres.

24575 Spartan St.

Mission Viejo, CA 92691
Tel: (213) 354-61 19

TRWAUG
Kim R. Schuette
c/o TRW-DSSG
One Space Park; 92/3166
Redondo Beach, CA 90278
Tel: (213) 535-4521

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 75

APPLE CORPS OF SAN DIEGO
Paul McKinney, Sec’y.

P.O.Box 23128
San Diego, CA 92123
Tel: (714)571-2981

SAN DIEGO MEDICAL APPLE
USERS GROUP
Joel Kunin, MD, Pres.

7920 Frost St., Suite 405
San Diego, CA 92123
Tel: (714) 279-5253

SAN FRANCISCO APPLE CORE
Fred Wilkinson, Rep.

1515 Sloat Blvd.

San Francisco, CA 94132
Tel: (415) 556-2342

BLOSSUM VALLEY APPLE CLUB
Frank E. Brinkman, Pres.

5821 Cottle Road
San Jose, CA 95123
Tel: (408) 578-2815

SANTA BARBARA APPLE USERS
GROUP

Ed Adams, Pres.

2007 State St.

Santa Barbara, CA 93105
Tel: (805) 963-1325

APPLE P.I.E.

Bill Nienhaus, Pres.

337 Montclair
Santa Clara, CA 95051
Tel: (408) 247-6470

SANTA CRUZ APPLE GROUP
Jim McCaig, Pres.

P.O. Box 1428
Santa Cruz, CA 95061
Tel: (408) 335-8750

S.M.A.L. APPLE
Charles Baca, Pres.

223 S. Broadway
Santa Maria, CA 93454
Tel: (805) 925-6675

SOURCE APPLE USERS GROUP
Joel L. Amronin, Treas.

2525 Beverly Ave # 9
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Tel: (2 13) 396-8668

APPLE PI
Marion Clarke

171 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd. Ste 104
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
Tel: (805) 495-3554

APPLE JACKS
A1 Johnson, Pres.
4818 Reese Road
Torrance, CA 90505

SOUTH BAY APPLES COMPUTER
CLUB

Frank Jedziniak, Pres.

P.O. Box 5201
Torrance, CA 90510
Tel: (213) 539-1200

MIDWAY COMPUTER CLUB
John Yantis, Pres.

506 Ridgewood Dr.

Vacaville, CA 95688
Tel: (707) 448-8430

APPLEHOLICS ANONYMOUS
Don Wilson

do Byte Shop, 155 Morse Ave.
Ventura, CA 93003
Tel: (805) 647-8945

APPLE CREEK

Henry Couden

1815 Ygnacio Valley Rd.

Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Tel: (415) 935-6502

APPLE PEELERS
Gene Wilson, Pres.

340 N. Civic Dr., Apt. 503
Walnut Creek, CA 94596

APPLE MUG

Larry L. Stoneburner, MD. Pres.
280 Hospital Circle, #202
Westminster, CA 92683

Colorado

APPLE PI USERS GROUP
Rod Nelson, Pres.

P.O. Box 17467
Denver, CO 80217
Tel: (303) 355-2379

SOUTH COLORADO APPLE USERS
Tom Thomas, Pres.

1635 S. Prarie
Pueblo, CO 81005
Tel: (303) 564-3545

Connecticut

APPLEFIELD USERS GROUP
Marc Lillie, VP
1700 Post Road
Fairfield, CT 06430
Tel: (203) 255-3650

NEW LONDON APPLE USERS
GROUP
Ronald Gibson
130 Jefferson Ave.

New London, CT 06320
Tel: (203) 447-1079

APPLE MUGS
Eric Strassman, Pres.

345 Main St.

Norwalk, CT 06851
Tel: (203) 846-4198

APPLELIST
Joseph Cohen, Sec’y.

50 Ida Lane
W. Haven, CT 06516
Tel: (203) 397-1407

APPLESHARE
Jack Adinolfi, Pres.

1439 Post Road East
Westport, CT 06880
Tel: (203) 227-6854

Delaware

GRAPE

Frank Weinberg, Pres.
P.O. Box 8904
Newark, DE 19711
Tel: (302) 738-6365

Florida

SCAT

Sandy Bernstein, Pres.
P.O. Box 7488
Clearwater, FL 33518
Tel: (813) 961-5705

A.C.E.S.

Don Lehmbeck, Pres.
P.O. BOx 9222
Coral Springs, FL 33065
Tel: (305) 941-7252

APPLE JAX
Ed Dunn, Pres.

1021 King St.

Jacksonville, FL 32204

APPLE TREE OF CENTRAL
FLORIDA
Bryan A. Vitt, Pres.

118 Margo Lane
Longwood, FL 32750
Tel: (305) 331-0818

APPLE USERS CORE
Pete Seals
307 Tarpon Rd.

Mary Esther, FL 32569
Tel: 581-0002

APPLE PI OF BREVARD
Tony R. Marshall, Pres.

P.O. Box 327
Melbourne, FL 32901
Tel: (305) 725-4328

Maug

Steve Pierce, Pres.

2300 NW 135 St.

Miami, FL 33167
Tel: (305) 595-8728

SMAUG

Phil Mitchell, Pres.

10201 Fontainebleu Blvd. #206
Miami, FL 33172
Tel: (305) 551-1000

SPACE COAST APPLE USER
GROUP

Billy M. Washam, Pres.

P.O. Box 4332
Patrick AFB, FL 32925

SUN COAST COMPUTER ASS’N.
H. Otto Kellerman, Pres.

P.O. Box 15294 Southgate PO
Sarasota, FL 33579
Tel: (813) 371-2486

Georgia

ATLANTA SOC. OF PROF.

APPLE USERS
Jerry Long, Pres.

6600 Powers Ferry Rd., Suite 220
Atlanta, GA 30339
Tel: (404) 955-2663

SEA

Andy Morton, Pres.

3258 Powers Ferry Rd.

Marietta, GA 30067
Tel: (404) 977-8600

Hawaii

H.A.U.S.

Larry Tomei, Pres.
P.O. Box 91
Honolulu, HI 96810
Tel: (808) 422-1454

Idaho

A.B.U.G.

Tom Stamm, Sec’y.
2213 Targee #5
Boise, ID 83705
Tel: (208) 336-1534

P.I.N.E.

Hugh Tucker, Sec’y.
1855 Jean St.
Pocatello, ID 83201

Illinois

CRAB-APPLES

Robert F. Gonsowski, Pres.

P.O. Box 437
DeSoto, IL 62924

PLATO CENTER APPLE USERS
GROUP

William Swanson, Pres.

Rt. 2, Box 189
Elgin, IL 60120
Tel: (3 12) 464-5893

APPLE USERS— NU
Colin Graham
Mathematics Dep’t.

Northwestern University
Evanston, IL 60201
Tel: (312) 492*5571

D.A.T.A.

John Pausteck, Treas.

5048 Pebble Creek Trail
Loves Park, IL 61111
Tel: (815) 633-1569

NI AUG

Michael L. Robins, VP
P.O. Box 787
Palatine, IL 60067
Tel: (3 12) 593-2709

CENTRAL ILLINOIS APPLE (CIA)
Gary Benway, Pres.

1023 W. Hudson
Peoria, IL 61604
Tel: (309) 444-9705

CHAMPAIGN-URBANA APPLE
USERS GROUP
Sidney A. Bowhill, Pres.

2203 Anderson
Urbana, IL 61801
Tel: (217) 333-4150

APPLE PI COMPUTER CLUB
Jack Gratz, Pres.

11630 S. Nagle Ave.

Worth, IL 60482
Tel: (312) 448-6548

Indiana

CAUG

Charles Hatcher, Pres.

2805 Chestnut Ct.
Columbus, IN 47201

FT. WAYNE APPLE COMP.

USER GROUP
Joe Kucharski, Pres.

3833 Foresthill Ave.

Fort Wayne, IN 46805
Tel: (219) 485-3388

THE APPLE PICKERS, INC.
Larry Hanger, Pres.

P.O. Box 20136
Indianapolis, IN 46220
Tel: (317) 357-8781

APPLE TECH
Michael A. Miller, Pres.
412 West Third
Mishawaka, IN 46544

Iowa

AMES APPLE USERS GROUP
Bob Kelly, Pres,
c/o Beacon Elect.

213 Lincoln Way
Ames, IA 50010
Tel: (515) 292-9318

PAGE 76

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

THE GREEN APPLES
Tom Jacobsen, Pres.

4417 N. Zircon Ln. Lot 129
Cedar Falls, 1A 50613
Tel: (319) 268-0572

CEDAR RAPIDS APPLE USERS
GROUP

Pete Tillman, Pres.

417 Third Ave.

Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
Tel: (319)366-6327

IOWA CITY APPLE USERS GROUP
Dave Thomas, Pres.

134 Ravencrest Dr.

Iowa City, IA 52240
Tel: (319) 353-3170

l/OWA USER GROUP
Joann Short, Sec’y.

844 10th N.E.

Mason City, IA 50401

AGRI-CURSORS
Neal Stadlman
do Sac City State Bank
500 Audobon
Sac City, IA 50583
Tel: (712) 662-472 T

Kansas

APPLE BITS
Robert K. Mills, Rep.
6140 Glenwood
Mission, KS 66202
Tel: (913) 236-8679

APPLEBUTTER
Michael Frame, Pres.

10049 Santa Fe Dr.

Overland Park, KS 66212
Tel: (913) 884-8529

TOPEKA APPLE USERS CLUB
Candy Smucker, Treas.
911ASW 37th St.

Topeka, KS 66611
Tel: (913) 267-6530

PLANE APPLE CLUB
John Van Walleghen, Pres.

P.O. Box 12013
Wichita, KS 67277
Tel: (316) 522-8410

Kentucky

APPLE-SIDERS (Cincinnati)
Gary Johnston, Pres.

27 Crystal Lake Dr.
Covington, KY 41017
Tel: (606) 356-7185

L.A.U.G.H.S.

Dr. Michael Finn
8207 Pipilo
Louisville, KY 40222
Tel: (502) 426-3815

Louisiana

CRESCENT CITY APPLE CORE
John Downing, Pres.

72 Old Hickory Ave.

Chalmette, LA 70043

Maryland

MARYLAND APPLE CORPS
Art Blumberg, Sec’y.

6711 Greenspring Ave.
Baltimore, MD 21209
Tel: (301) 486-2580

PENCOM

John A. Pence, Pres.

J-303 Waverly Drive
Frederick, MD 21701
Tel: (301) 662-1997

Massachusetts

APPLE/BOSTON
3 Center Plaza
Boston, MA 02108
Tel: (617) 367-8080

APPLESAUCE
Leon A. Osborne, Pres.

118 Brookhaven Dr.

East Longmeadow, MA 01028

APPLE CORE OF BERKSHIRE
COUNTY

Scott Rodman, Pres.

32 Deborah Ave.

Pittsfield, MA 01201
Tel: (413) 442-4759

NORTH SHORE APPLE GROUP
Robert E. Ramsdell, Pres.

P.O. Box 59
Rockport, MA 01966
Tel: (617) 546-7869

APPLESEED
Jared M. Spool, Pres.

4 Cranebrook
Shrewsbury, MA 01545
Tel: (617) 842-7198

APPLE GUILD
Richard Boehmer, VP
P.O.Box 371
Weymouth, MA 02188
Tel: (617) 848-0486

N.E.A.T.

Lori Steinmetz, Pres.

P.O. Box 2652
Woburn, MA 02155
Tel: (617) 767-1722

Michigan

ANN ARBOR APPLE
Steve Opal, Ed.

P.O. Box 2386
Ann Arbor, MI 48106

APPLE CORE EXAMINERS
Mark Turmell, Pres.

4691 S. Elm Dr.

Bay City, MI 48706
Tel: (517) 684-9189

K.A.C.U.S.

P. Crone
517 Oak

Kalamazoo, MI 49007

GRAND RAPIDS APPLE
Tim Hartley, Sec’y.

3268 Coach Lane # 2A
Kentwood, MI 49508

PRICE BREAKTHROUGH

I6K RAM BOARDS FOR
APPLE JUST$129.95

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OF EXPANSION BOARDS TO COME DOWN?
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$195.00. NOW OMEGA MICROWARE IS
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NOW YOU CAN RUN PASCAL, FORTRAN,
56K C PM WITH A Z80 S0FTCARD,
INTEGER BASIC, APPLESOFT AND OTHER
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VISICALC. NOW YOU DON'T HAVE TO PAN A
FORTUNE TO HAVE ALL THIS.

AT $129.95, OMEGAS RAMEX 16 IS THE
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WHAT DO YOU GIVE UP WHEN YOU
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AFFORDABLE RAM EXPANSION CARD?
WELL, YOU GIVE UP HAVING TO REMOVE
ONE RAM CHIP FROM THE MOTHER BOARD
OF YOUR APPLE. YOU GIVE UP HAVING TO
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THE RAMEX 16 IS GUARANTEED NOT JUST
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ORDER YOUR RAMEX 16 NOW BY CALLING
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RESIDENTS CALL 1-800-362-2421.
MASTERCARD OR VISA ACCEPTED OR
SEND $129.95. ILLINOIS RESIDENTS ADD
$7.80 SALES TAX.

ANOTHER QUALITY PRODUCT FROM
OMEGA MICROWARE, INC.

FORMERLY OMEGA SOFTWARE
PRODUCTS, INC.

222 SO. RIVERSIDE PLAZA
CHICAGO, IL 60606
PHONE 312-648-1944

©OMEGA MICROWARE, INC.

APPLE AND APPLESOFT ARE REGISTERED
TRADEMARKS OF APPLE COMPUTER, INC. PASCAL IS A
REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE REGENTS OF THE
UNIV. OF CA. SAN DIEGO. VISICALC IS A REGISTERED
TRADEMARK OF PERSONAL SOFTWARE. CPM IS A
REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH INC.
Z80 IS A REGISTERED TRADMARK OF ZILOG, INC.
SOFTCARD IS A REGISTERED TRADMARK OF
MICROSOFT.

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 77

APPLE L.U.G.

Dale Marshall, VP
5411 Marsh Rd.

Haslett, Ml 48840
Tel: (517^349-4671

MICHIGAN APPLE COMPUTER CLUB
Roger Tuttleman, Pres.

P.O. Box 551

Madison Heights, MI 48071
Tel: (313) 353-7648

Minnesota

MINI’APP’LES
Daniel Buchler, Pres.

13516 Grand Ave. S.
Burnsville, MN 55337
Tel: (612) 890-5051

MAYO APPLE USERS GROUP
A. E. Pertuz, Treas.

Mayo Clinic — S&P
Rochester, MN 55901
Tel: (507) 284-3631

Missouri

A.M.M.P.L.E.

Allen Hahn, Pres.

333 E. Winter

Columbia, MO 65201
Tel: (314) 443-0689

APPLE EYE

Michael B. Rumelt, MD, Pres.

1094 Brooktrail Ct.

Creve Coeur,MO 63141
Tel: (314) 569-2762

JOPLIN APPLE USERS GROUP

Ross Lauck, Pres.

1903 E. 36th

Joplin, Mo. 64801
Tel: (417) 781-6433

PERSONAL COMP. CLUB OF
ST. LOUIS

Nicholas Naimo, Pres.

274 Brightfield Dr.

St. Louis, MO 63011
Tel: (314) 647-1465

APPLE JACKS

Fred Bruner, Sec’y.

11145 Suntree Rd, Apt. D

St. Louis, MO 63138
Tel: (314) 869-9050

COMSTAT
Kile Mullen, Pres.

11610 Page Service Road
St. Louis, MO 63141
Tel: (314) 432-7019

APPLE SQUIRES OF THE OZARKS
Milton Rhoads, Pres.

1904 E. Meadowmere
Springfield, MO 65804
Tel: (417) 862-6500

Nebraska

COMPUSERS
Dorothy G. Friend, Sec’y.
P.O. Box 2064
Hastings, NE 68901

BIG RED APPLE CLUB
John Wrenholt, Pres.
1301 N 19th
Norfolk, NE 68701
Tel: (402) 379-3531

OMAHA APPLE SAUCE
John Anderson, Libr.
1915 S. 44 St. #112
Omaha, NE 68105
Tel: (402) 558-8943

Nevada

APPLE CORPS OF S. NEVADA
Sandy Tiedeman, Pres.

6325 Portola Rd.

Las Vegas, NV 99108
Tel: (702) 647-6502

New Hampshire

SUFFOLK APPLE COMPUTER
SOCIETY

M. Weinstock, Pres.

226 Boston Post Road
Amherst, NH 03031
Tel: (603) 673-7376

SOUTHERN N.H. APPLE CORE
Rob Moore

Warner Hill Rd. RFD#5
Derry, NH 03038

BIG GREEN APPLE
Del Goodwin, Pres.

45 Lyme Rd.

Hanover, NH 03755
Tel: (603) 643-5666

New Jersey

SOUTHERN NJ APPLE USERS
GROUP

Larry Margulis, Pres.

106 Ashbrook Rd.

Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
Tel: (609) 428-4429

APPLE SYNAPSE II
David R. Bostian, Pres.

1050 George St. 5-0
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
Tel: (201.) 249-6189

APPLE GROUP— NJ
Steve Toth, Pres.

1411 Greenwood Dr.

Piscataway, NJ 08854
Tel: (201) 968-7498

PRINCETON APPLE USERS GROUP
Hans Jorgensen, Pres,
c/o Comp. Enc., 2 Nassau St.
Princeton, NJ 08540

SHORT HILLS APPLE PITS
Steve Bloch, Pres.

29 Clive Hills Rd.

Short Hills, NJ 07078
Tel: (201) 376-8966

MONMOUTH APPLE CORPS
David C. MacMakin, Pres.

P.O. Box 333

West Long Beach, NJ 07764
Tel: (201) 870-9453

New Mexico

APPLEQUERQUE COMPUTER
CLUB

Chuck Segrest, Coord.

6609 Orphelia Ave. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109
Tel: (505) 821-7418

(continued on page 80)

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DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

PAGE 78

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

SHAPE DEFINITION CONVERSION TABLE

by David G. Huffman

Call— A.P.P.L.E.

The necessity that mothered this
invention was that of listing and de-
bugging complex shape definitions
destined for Apple’s high resolution
shape drawing routines. It is not de-
signed for creating shape definitions,
as there are several excellent com-
mercial programs available that sim-
plify the design of shape definitions,
and there are also some in the litera-
ture, such as Mark Crosby’s “Shap-
ing up the Apple II” in Apple Or-
chard, 1(1); pages 37-45.

However, once a shape definition
has been created the result when
DRAWn on the screen may not ap-
pear as intended. At this point, an ex-
amination of the hex codes in the
shape definition would be appro-
priate, but converting these hex
codes to moves is tedious, at best,
using the Apple manuals. With this
conversion table, one need only exa-
mine the hex codes of the shape defi-
nition from the monitor and look up
the corresponding moves in this con-
version table. The decimal equiva-
lents are provided in case you are ex-
amining the shape definition from
BASIC with PEEKs, or if you wish to
POKE a short shape definition into
memory from a BASIC program.

In the “Move” column are the
moves that would be affected by the
hi-res shape routines when a DRAW,
XDRAW, or DRAW1 command is
executed and the corresponding hex
code is encountered in the next byte
of the shape definition. The Move
column should be read from left to
right (A-B-C), with the first move cor-
responding to the first (right-most)
three bits, the second move to the
2nd three bits and the third move (if
non-printing) corresponding to the
last (left-most) two bits of the hex
byte.

All underlined moves refer to
“printing moves”, those that plot a
point before moving. The non-under-
lined moves refer to non-printing

moves. Note that the third move in a
byte must always be non-printing.
For instance, there is no code for
CILD. If you wanted to produce this
sequence, you would have to use UL
(hex code $18) and follow it with a
byte beginning with L. Hex codes
$08 through $3F correspond to
bytes that contain two moves, and
which are followed by a printing
move which will always be the first
move of the next byte. Note also that
there are no bytes with two non-
printing “up”s unless they are fol-
lowed by a non-printing “right”,
“left”, or “down”. It should also be
pointed out that hex codes $01
through $07* really involve only one
move, that given in section A, be-
cause a non-printing “up” in section
B will be ignored whenever the next
move in sequence is a printing one
(first move of the next byte). Hex
code $00* * results in no moves, and
is interpreted by the shape routines
as “end of shape definition”.

Probably the best way to use this
table is to examine the hex codes
from memory (making sure you are
starting with the first byte of the
shape definition, not the shape table
index) and plot the corresponding
moves on graph paper. When mov-
ing from one square to the next,
shade the square in before leaving it
behind if the current move is under-
lined, otherwise, just draw a line
through the square.

In order for any shape definition to
function with the hi-res shape
routines, it must be preceded by a
shape table index, formatted as out-
lined on page 95 of the Applesoft
Reference Manual.

If your gray matter is really aching
for some exercise, page 92 of the Ap-
plesoft Reference Manual explains
some of the un-logic behind this be-
wildering array of exceptions.

see* in table
**see** in table

Move

DEC

HEX

ABC

0

$00

GG *

1

$01

RG *

2

$02

DG *

3

$03

LG *

4

$04

GG *

5

$05

RG *

6

$06

DG *

7

$07

LG *

8

$08

GR

9

$09

RR

10

$0A

DR

11

$0B

LR

12

$0C

GR

13

$0D

RR

14

$0E

DR

15

$0F

LR

16

$10

GD

17

$11

RD

18

$12

DD

19

$13

LD

20

$14

GD

21

$15

RD

22

$16

DD

23

$17

LD

24

$18

GL

25

$19

RL

26

$1 A

DL

27

$1B

LL

28

$1C

GL

29

$1D

RL

30

$1E

DL

31

$1F

LL

32

$20

GG

33

$21

RG

34

$22

DG

35

$23

LG

36

$24

GG

37

$25

RG

38

$26

DG

39

$27

LG

40

$28

GR

41

$29

RR

42

$2A

DR

43

$2B

LR

44

$2C

GR

45

$2D

RR

46

$2E

DR

47

$2F

LR

48

$30

GD

49

$31

RD

50

$32

DD

51

$33

LD

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 79

Move

Move

Move

DEC

HEX

ABC

DEC

HEX

ABC

DEC

HEX

ABC

52

$34

UD

120

$78

GLR

188

$BC

GLD

53

$35

RD

121

$79

RLR

! 189

$BD

RLD

54

$36

DD

122

$7A

DLR

190

$BE

DLD

55

$37

LD

123

$7B

LLR

191

$BF

LLD

56

$38

GL

124

$7C

GLR

192

$C0

GGL

57

$39

RL

125

$7D

RLR

193

$C1

RGL

58

$3A

DL

126

$7E

DLR

194

$C2

DGL

59

$3B

LL

127

$7F

LLR

195

$C3

LGL

60

$3C

GL

128

$80

GGD

196

$C4

GGL

61

$3D

RL

129

$81

RGD

197

$C5

RGL

62

$3E

DL

130

$82

DGD

198

$C6

DGL

63

$3F

LL

131

$83

LGD

199

$C7

LGL

64

$40

GGR

132

$84

GGD

200

$C8

GRL

65

$41

RGR

133

$85

RGD

201

$C9

RRL

66

$42

DUR

134

$86

DGD

202

$CA

DRL

67

$43

LGR

135

$87

LGD

203

$CB

LRL

68

$44

GGR

136

$88

GRD

204

$CC

GRL

69

$45

RGR

137

$89

RRD

205

$CD

RRL

70

$46

DGR

138

$8A

DRD

206

$CE

DRL

71

$47

LGR

139

$8B

LRD

207

$CF

LRL

72

$48

GRR

140

$8C

GRD

208

$D0

GDL

73

$49

RRR

141

$8D

RRD

209

$D1

RDL

74

$4A

DRR

142

$8E

DRD

210

$D2

DDL

75

$4B

LRR

143

$8F

LRD

211

$D3

LDL

76

$4C

GRR

144

$90

GDD

212

$D4

GDL

77

$4D

RRR

145

$91

RDD

213

$D5

RDL

78

$4E

DRR

146

$92

DDD

214

$D6

DDL

79

$4F

LRR

147

$93

LDD

215

$D7

LDL

80

$50

GDR

148

$94

GDD

216

$D8

GLL

81

$51

RDR

149

$95

RDD

217

$D9

RLL

82

$52

DDR

150

$96

DDD

218

$DA

DLL

83

$53

LDR

151

$97

LDD

219

$DB

LLL

84

$54

GDR

152

$98

GLD

220

$DC

GLL

85

$55

RDR

153

$99

RLD

221

$DD

RLL

86

$56

DDR

154

$9A

DLD

222

$DE

DLL

87

$57

LDR

| 155

$9B

LLD

223

$DF

LLL

88

$58

GLR

156

$9C

GLD

224

$E0

GGL

89

$59

RLR

157

$9D

RLD

225

$E1

RGL

90

$5A

DLR

158

$9E

DLD

226

$E2

DGL

91

$5B

LLR

159

$9F

LLD

227

$E3

LGL

92

$5C

GLR

160

$A0

GGD

228

$E4

GGL

93

$5D

RLR

161

$A1

RGD

229

$E5

RGL

94

$5E

DLR

162

$A2

DGD

230

$E6

DGL

95

$5F

LLR

163

$A3

LGD

231

$E7

LGL

96

$60

GGR

164

$A4

GGD

232

$E8

GRL

97

$61

RGR

165

$A5

RGD |

233

$E9

RRL

98

$62

DGR

166

$A6

DGD

234

$EA

DRL

99

$63

LGR

167

$A7

LGD

235

$EB

LRL

100

$64

GGR

168

$A8

GRD

236

$EC

GRL

101

$65

RGR

169

$A9

RRD

237

$ED

RRL

102

$66

DGR

170

$AA

DRD

238

$EE

DRL

103

$67

LGR

171

$AB

LRD

239

$EF

LRL

104

$68

GRR

172

$AC

GRD

240

$F0

GDL

105

$69

RRR

173

$AD

RRD

241

$F1

RDL

106

$6 A

DRR

174

$AE

DRD

242

$F2

DDL

107

$6B

LRR

175

$AF

LRD

243

$F3

LDL

108

$6C

GRR

176

$B0

GDD

244

$F4

GDL

109

$6D

RRR

177

$B1

RDD

245

$F5

RDL

110

$6E

DRR

178

$B2

DDD

246

$F6

DDL

111

$6F

LRR

179

$B3

LDD

247

$F7

LDL

112

$70

GDR

180

$B4

GDD

248

$F8

GLL

113

$71

RDR

181

$B5

RDD

249

$F9

RLL

114

$72

DDR

182

$B6

DDD

250

$FA

DLL

115

$73

LDR

183

$B7

LDD

251

$FB

LLL

116

$74

GDR

184

$B8

GLD

252

$FC

GLL

117

$75

RDR

185

$B9

RLD

253

$FD

RLL

118

$76

DDR

186

$BA

DLD

254

$FE

DLL

119

$77

LDR

187

$BB

LLD

255

$FF

LLL

w

PAGE 80

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

(continued from page 77)

New York

SOUTHERN TIER APPLE CORE
Lawrence Adkins, Pres.

409 Hooper Road
End well, NY 13760
Tel: (607) 754-7636

APPLE POWER
Jim Lyone, Pres.

21 Ridgedale Ave.

Farmingville, NY 11738
Tel: (516) 248-8080

U.A.U.G. c/o Upstate Com.

Tony Violante, Sec’y.

629 French Rd.

New Hartford, NY 13413
Tel: (315) 399-1139

BIG APPLE USERS GROUP
John McMullen, Pres.

P.O. Box 490 Bowling Green Sta.
New York, NY 10274
Tel: (914) 636-3417

CAM S— APPLE USERS GROUP
Joseph Fischetti
1694 Central Ave.

Albany, NY 12205
Tel: (518) 385-9962

APPLE C.I.D.E.R.

Jim Berube, Pres.

1435 Tudor Way
Victor, NY 14564
Tel: (7 16) 924-7705

MID-HUDSON MICRO USERS
Thomas Burzawa, Pres.

Imperial Plaza

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Tel: (914) 297-1223

North Carolina

UNC-CH APPLE USERS GROUP
Grady B. Meehan
UNC Media Center
07 Smith Big. 128A
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Tel: (919) 966-4241

GREEN APPLES
Nancy Terrell, Pres.

218 N. Elm St.

Greensboro, NC 27401
Tel: (919) 275-2983

HILLSBOROUGH ORCHARD
SURVEYORS
Bill Boyarsky, Pres.

Rt. 1, Box 242E
Hillsborough, NC 27278
Tel: (919) 781-3755

North Dakota

G.F. APPLE S.A.U.C.E.

Paul Kobe, Treas.

2500 B South Columbia Rd.

Grand Forks, ND 58201
Tel: (701) 746-0491

APPLE POLISHERS
Craig Nansen, Pres.

11 12 Glacial Dr.

Minot, ND 58701
Tel: (701) 838-6444

Ohio

RUBBER APPLE USERS GROUP
Robert Nebiker, Pres.

1870 Brookfield Dr.

Akron, OH 44313
Tel: (216) 867-7444

CINCINNATI APPLE-SIDERS
(see Covington, Ky.)

CENTRAL OHIO APPLE
COMPUTER HOBBY
Travis Risner, Pres.

1357 Bernhard Rd.

Columbus, OH 43227
Tel: (614) 890-1316

APPLE-DAYTON
Dick Peschke, Sec’y.

4819 Leafburrow Dr.

Dayton, OH 45424

NEO-APPLE CORE
Tom Wysocki
7047 E. Jefferson Dr.

Mentor, OH 44060
Tel: (216) 942-7086

TOLEDO APPLE USERS
Larry J. Lewandowski, Pres.

1417 Bernath Pkwy.

Toledo, OH 43615
Tel: (419) 476-8463

Oklahoma

MIDWEST CITY HOSP.

APPLE USERS
Dr. W. E. McGuire
2825 Parklawn Dr.

Midwest City, OK 731 10
Tel: (405) 732-6682

BIG RED APPLE GROUP

William F. Petty

200 N. University Blvd.

Norman, OK 73069
Tel: (405) 364-9529

OKC APPLE USERS GROUP
Glenn Rodkin, Pres.

3728 N. Frankford
Oklahoma City, OK 73112
Tel: (405) 947-3961

TULSA COMPUTER SOC—

APPLE USERS
J. L. Shanks, Pres.

P.O. Box 1133
Tulsa, OK 74101
Tel: (918) 835-3926

Oregon

CORVALLIS APPLE CLUB
Jack Trowbridge, Pres.

101 NW 23rd
Corvallis, OR 97330
Tel: (503) 757-7496

SALEM AREA COMPUTER CLUB
Ed Sigurdson, Libr.

P.O. Box 7715
Salem, OR 97303
Tel: (503) 581-2687

Pennsylvania

APPLE USER OF PENNSYLVANIA
Neil Lipson, Pres.

29 S. New Ardmore Ave.

Broomall, PA 19008
Tel: (215) 356-6183

ERIE APPLE CRUNCHERS
Rudy A. Guy, Pres.

P.O. Box 1575
Erie, PA 16507
Tel: (814) 455-1505

APPLE USERS GROUP OF
NORTH HILLS
Samuel H. Bell, Treas.
do Computerland, Route 8
Gibsonia, PA 15044
Tel: (412) 963-9910 ext. 14

ARG

Bill Hindorff, Pres.

16 Laurel Lane
Glen Riddle, PA 19037

KEYSTONE APPLE CORE
David M. Murdoch
4644 Carlisle Pke
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055

CENTRAL PENN. APPLE INT. GROUP
John Cupak
240 Calder Way
State College, PA 16801
Tel: (814) 234-2926

South Carolina

LOWCOUNTRY APPLE CORPS
Felix B. Clayton, Pres.

313 Hawthorne St.

Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464

AUGUSTA APPLE USERS GROUP
David Anderson, Pres.

819 Jackson Ave.

N. Augusta, SC 29841
Tel: (803) 279-4974

CSC APPLE CORE
Pete Schmidt, VP
P.O. Box 405
Shaw AFB, SC 29152
Tel: (803)359-7054

South Dakota

RAPID CITY APPLE USERS
James P. Gayton, Pres.

3016 Glenwood
Rapid City, SD 57701
Tel: (605) 343-2949

Tennessee

MUSIC CITY APPLE CORE
Rod Wagner, Pres.

765 McMurray Dr. Apt. 04
Nashville, TN 37211
Tel: (615) 331-2287

Texas

ABILENE APPLE CLUB
Scott Boyd, Pres.

925 N. Judge Ely Blvd.

Abilene, TX 79601
Tel: (915) 673-6708

A.I.D.E.

Ralph Jeppson, Sec’y
P.O. Box 30878
Amarillo, TX 79120
Tel: (806) 376-5890

FORT WORTH APPLE USER GROUP
Lee Meador, Ed.

1401 Hillcrest Dr.

Arlington, TX 76010
Tel: (817) 461-1981

RIVER CITY APPLE CORPS
Curt Wyman, Pres.

12404 Split Rail Pkwy.

Austin, TX 78750
Tel: (512) 258-5486

APPLE CORPUS
Tom Rechlicz, Pres.

5817 Crestmore
Corpus Cristi, TX 78415
Tel: (512) 852-8102

MICRO APPLE CORE
Tom Munroe, Pres.

3920 Caruth Blvd.

Dallas, TX 75225
Tel: (214) 361-5656

FRANKLIN MTN. APPLE ORCHARD
Bill Evans
Drawer G
El Paso, TX 79951
Tel: (915) 877-2382

APPLE DYNAMICS
Henry C. Lynn/GD
P.O. Box 748, MZ2212
Fort Worth, TX 76101
Tel: (817) 732-4811

HISD/BASIC CURRIC. DEV.

Dr. Victoria Bergin
3830 Richmond Ave.

Houston, TX 77027

HA AUG
Larry Geist
6046 Warm Springs
Houston, TX 77035 -

LUBBOCK COMPUTER CLUB
Dennis Strouble, Treas.

5420 23rd St.

Lubbock, TX 79407
Tel: (806) 797-3931

APPLE PI OF THE
PERMIAN BASIN
Clay Francell
415 E. 43rd St.

Odessa, TX 79762
Tel: (915) 333-3430

APPLE CORPS
Bob Sander-Cederlof
P.O. Box 5537
Richardson, TX 75080
Tel: (214) 324-2050

APPLESEED
Terry Mitiken, Pres.

P.O. Box 12455
San Antonio, TX 78212
Tel: (512) 737-0213

H.O.T.-APPLE-P.I.E.

Andrew Marquart, Pres.

2321 Lee St.

Waco, TX 76711
Tel. (817) 756-1690

Utah

APPLE SLICE
Gary Allen, Pres.

P.O. Box 11246
Salt Lake City, UT 84147
Tel: (801) 292-4555

Vermont

GREEN MOUNTAIN APPLE CLUB
Henry Lustig, Pres.

Box 79A RD#2
Vergennes, VT 05491
Tel: (802) 877-2484

Virginia

APPLE WORMS
Jerry Rowe, Pres.

3307 Indigo Rd.
Chesapeake, VA 23325
Tel: (804) 623-0395

PENINSULA APPLE CORE
Jerry Aycock, Sec’y.

1419 Todds Lane
Hampton, VA 23666
Tel: (804) 827-0041

APPLE T.A.R.T.

Gordon Andrews, Pres.
1706 Hanover Ave.
Richmond, VA 23220
Tel: (804) 320-2260

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 81

NOVAPPLE
Tom Lucas, Secy.

8108 Adair Lane
Springfield, VA 22151
Tel: (703) 321-9593

TIDEWATER APPLE ORGANIZATION
Samuel C. Yahres
1021 Tivoli Crescent, Apt. 102
Virginia Beach, VA 23456

WISCONSIN APPLE USERS
c/o Cybernetic Mechanism
P.O. Box 11463
Tel: (414) 964-6645

FOX VALLEY CRAB-APPLES
Math Dep’t — John Oman
University of Wisconsin
Oshkosh, WI 54901
Tel: (414) 424-1362

Washington

KITSAP APPLE USERS GROUP
Darrell Dunmire, Pres.

7265 Thasos Ave. NE
Bremerton, WA 98310
Tel: (206) 692-1080

THE G.R.A.P.E.

Steve Lawson, Ed.

P.O. Box 283
Port Orchard, WA 98366
Tel: (206) 876-1397

A. P.P.L.E.- WASHINGTON
David Lingwood, Sec’y.

14109 S.E. 168th St.

Renton, WA 98055
Tel: (206) 244-9360

AU

Chuck Vyverberg, Pres.

12816 E. Desmet
Spokane, WA 99216
Tel: (509) 489-2861

Wisconsin

ADAM & EVE APPLE GROUP
Mike Dhuey, Pres.

1 1 S. Hancock St.

Madison, WI 53703
Tel: (608) 256-5306

Wyoming

THE APPLE NET
James E. Hassler
2203 Park Ave., Orchard Valley
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Tel: (307) 632-4934

District of Columbia

HOBBY COMPUTER INFO. EXCH.
Michael Green, Pres.

2300 41st St. N.W. #203
Washington, D.C. 20007
Tel: (202) 338-7964

WASHINGTON APPLE PI
John Moon, Pres.

P.O.Box 34511
Washington, D.C. 20034
Tel: (202) 332-9102

Guam

GUAGE

Charles H. Fisher, Jr., Pres.
16-B S. Oceanview
Finegayan, Guam 96912

For

Subscription

Information

See page 95

ED-SCI STATISTICS

FOR THE PROFESSIONAL A COMPLETE STATISTICS
AND DATA MANAGEMENT PACKAGE

Data Entry and Filing

• By Variable Name and
Case Number

• One-Time Data Entry

• Easy and Rapid Editing

• Data Entry Worksheets

Data File Manipulation

• Add New Variables

• Add or Delete Case Values

• Create SUBFILES By User
Defined SEARCH &
SELECT Criteria

• Merge Files

Statistical Calculations

• Mean, Std. Dev., Std. Error
•Coefficient of Variation

• Frequency Distribution

• Unpaired t-Test

• Paired t-Test

• Mann-Whitney U Test
•Wilcoxon Paired Sample Test
•Chi-Square Test

• Linear Regression
•Correlation

• One-Way ANOVA with the
Newman-Keuls Test

• Hard Copy of Data & Results

Statistical Calculations can be made on VISICALC* (DIF)
and DATADEX* FILES. Graphic Plotting of all ED-SCI
STATISTICS Data Files can be done with APPLE PLOT.*

Only $95.00 brings you the ED-SCI STATISTICS instruction
manual, the Master Program Disk, and a Back-Up Disk.

See ED-SCI STATISTICS at your local Apple Computer store.
Dealer inquiries invited. For information please phone or write:

Ed-Sci Development

460 Beacon Sf. San Francisco, CA 94131 (415) 282-7020

ED-SCI STATISTICS requires an Apple II with the Applesoft or
Language Card, or an Apple II+, 48K memory, and at least one
disk drive with DOS 3.3 (16 sector).

* Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

VisCalc is a registered trademark of Personal Software Inc.

DATADEX is a registered trademark of Sonoma Softworks.

PAGE 82

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Forbidden Fruit

Pick these new products for your Apple

Edited by
Mark L. Crosby

Producers of hardware and soft-
ware for the Apple line of compu-
ters should send news releases 3
months in advance to NEW PROD-
UCTS EDITOR, Apple Orchard,
P.O. Box 976, Daly City, California
94017. The 1AC cannot be held re-
sponsible for claims made by
manufacturers.

Contents:

Hardware

Input/Output

Memory

Music

Power Conditioning

Printers/Plotters

Miscellaneous

Software

Business

Business/Education

Communications

Graphics

Languages

Simulations/Games

Utilities

Word Processing

Catalogs

Catalogs/Books

Miscellaneous

Hardware

INPUT/OUTPUT

The Hayes Stack Smart modem is an
RS-232 compatible 300 baud data com-
munications system for small compu-
ters. Features program control in any
language, switch selectable options, full
or half duplex and LED status indica-
tors — $279. Hayes Microcomputer
Products, Inc., 5835 A Peachtree Cor-
ners East, Norcross, GA 30092 (404)
449-8791.

Super Paddle consists of a high-preci-
sion linear potentiometer and a big in-
dustrial quality push button mounted in
a sturdy 4x2x1 inch metal case which
matches the Apple. Each of the two pad-
dles is connected with a long 5-foot
cable to the Apple game socket —
$39.95 plus $2 postage and handling.
Super Joy Stick uses the same circuitry
that is used in the paddles and provides
high precision — $59.95 plus $2 postage
and handling. Peripherals Plus, 39 East
Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, NJ
07950(201)540-0445.

80-column card — Doublevision — offers
new features for the 80 x 24 video dis-
play. Now available are hardware sche-
matics and a completely commented
source listing of software. Doublevision
also includes a SYSGEN program to se-
lect type of cursor, monitor bandwidth
and display of control characters.
Doublevision is compatible with Z-80
SoftCard, Magic-Wand, Wordstar and
Phoenix word processors, Programma
International’s Apple-Pie 2.0 and Infor-
mation (Jnlimited’s Easywriter Profes-
sional System— $295. Computer Stop,
2545 West 237th Street, Suite L, Tor-
rance, CA 90505 (213) 539-7670.

Hard Disk Drive family includes 514
inch 6 megabyte (unformatted) drive
with a 450 5 l A floppy backup, controller
and interface — $4,850. 8 inch model

stores , up to 10 megabytes with a 1
megabyte backup floppy — $5,795. 14
inch model will store up to 58 mega-
bytes each — price unavailable. En-
hanced version of APPLEDOS permits
you to build a data file as large as 16
megabytes. See your local dealer or con-
tact Lobo Drives, Int’l, 354 South Fair-
view Avenue, Goleta, CA 93117 (805)
683-1576.

Remote I/O Board is a direct connection
AC carrier communication interface de-
signed to control and monitor remote
devices thru existing AC power lines. In-
cludes a battery backed-up CMOS real
time clock. Allows software setting and
reading of the clock and simulates the
command console of a BSR controller.
Two interrupt driven routines which are
selectable by the user displays time on
the screen and/or scans the timing table
for control instructions. Foreground/
background operation — $185. Intelli-
gent Control Systems, Inc., P.O. Box
14571, Minneapolis, MN 55414 (612)
699-4342.

Laboratory System for the Apple is de-
signed to collect data from spectropho-
tometers, chromatography systems, pH
meters, strip-chart recorders, and tem-
perature controllers. Features 12-bit
D/A and A/D converters with ranges of .5
to 4 volts differential input and automa-
tic zeroing. Real time clock, interrupt
circuitry, handshaking signals and TTL
compatible signal levels. Quick I/O pro-
gram makes it easy to write BASIC pro-
grams to control scientific instruments.
Includes diskette, three cables, self-test
adapter board, diagnostic software, two
manuals — $495. Interactive Microware,
Inc., P.O. Box 771, State College, PA
16801 (814) 238-8294.

Type-’N-Talk is a new text-to-speech
synthesizer from Votrax that can be con-
nected to almost any computer. ASCII
code from your keyboard is fed into the
synthesizer producing speech. Contains
750 character buffer to hold the words

Apple I/O Interfaces.

SSM Spells Success Three Ways.

SSM helps you get the most from your
Apple II* computer. Choose from three
general purpose interface boards. With flex-
ibility and prices that translate to big savings.
Now, and when you upgrade.

Serial (ASIO™). Our ASIO gives you a
full-duplex RS-232 interface. Plus jumper-
selectable rates from 110 to 9600 baud. You
also get software control, three handshaking
lines and two output plugs — so you can con-
nect your Apple to a modem or to a
terminal/printer without
modifying the cable.

Parallel (APIO™). For
parallel interfaces, our
APIO offers two 8-bit
bidirectional ports. We also
include additional interrupt
and handshaking lines, plus
software control of the in-
terface configuration and data
direction. Cables for Centronics
and other printers are optional.

Or Both (AIO™). Choose our
tried and proven AIO when you

need a sometimes-serial or a sometimes-
parallel operation. This single-board solution
packs a lot of performance for the price.
Thousands are now being used. It even lets
you operate both ways — simultaneously —
under Pascal, or with special drivers.

All three boards feature powerful firmware
so you don’t have to write software to use
them. The ASIO and AIO include cables.

Whether you’re an OEM or end-user, we
can supply virtually any quantity you need.

Quickly. Even in kit form.
For the latest word on these,
see your local computer
dealer. Or call Us today.
You may also want to look
into our cost-effective
A488™ board which con-
verts your Apple II into an
IEEE-488 controller.
SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.,
2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA
95131. (408) 946-7400. (TWX

910-338-2077. Telex 171171.)

♦Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computers Inc.
ASIO, APIO, AIO and A488 are trademarks of SSM Micro-
computer Products, Inc.

SSM Microcomputer
Products, Inc.

PAGE 84

you’ve typed. Can be used online be-
tween a computer or modem and a ter-
minal to speak all the data sent over the
line. Utilizes standard RS-232 serial
interface. One-watt audio amplifier,
phoneme access modes, data switching
capability, 75-9600 baud rate — $375.
Vodex, 500 Stephenson Highway, Troy,
MI 48084 (313) 588-0341.

Eight-inch Floppy Disk Controller (the
A800) enables Apple II users to access
up to five megabytes of online storage
through conventional disk operating
system (DOS) commands. Provides
high speed transfer of data from the
drive directly to the Apple II memory
without processor intervention. Compa-
tible with the most popular disk oper-
ating systems for the Apple II. It also
interfaces to all Shugart/ANSI Standard
eight-inch floppy disk drives with com-
plete IBM format compatibility in both
single and double density modes —
$595. Vista Computer Company, 1317
E. Edinger Avenue, Santa Ana, CA
92705 (714) 953-0523 or (800)
854-8017.

Multifunction Card provides 1) calen-
dar/clock functions from one second to
99 years — battery backed-up and com-
patible with MCI Apple Clock time ac-
cess programs. Also features 2) parallel
output with auto line-feed, Apple tab-
bing, line length, delay after carriage re-
turn, lower to upper case conversion,
status bit handshaking. The other func-
tion 3) is a serial interface with trans-
parent terminal mode, local echo,
simultaneous serial and parallel Output,
16 selectable baud rates, half/full duplex
operation, RS-232 standard asynchro-
nous/synchronous — $239. Mountain
Computer, Inc., 300 El Pueblo, Scotts
Valley, CA 95066 (408) 438-6650.

A new Disk Controller for the Apple is
completely software compatible with
Apple DOS and contains 256 bytes of
on-board boot ROM. Controls up to four
8 inch, single- or double-sided, single- or
double-density disk drives with a total
storage capacity of 4.4 Mbytes — $699.
Lobo Drives International, 354 S. Fair-
view Avenue, Goleta, CA 93117 (805)
683-1576.

Hi-Res Light Pen with full 280x192
resolution is now available. Compati-
bility with all available languages: Ap-
plesoft and Integer BASIC, FORTRAN,
PASCAL, PILOT, FORTH, and CP/M.
Usable in every screen mode of the Ap-
ple. High speed allows animation and
true drawing. Uses video synchroniza-
tion information to determine the in-
stantaneous light pen location. Installs
on Apple motherboard with low power
consumption. Includes extensive docu-
mentation, manuals with numerous ex-

APPLE ORCHARD

amples. Applications programs on disk-
ette — $285. Gibson Laboratories, Build-
ing 10, 406 Orange Blossom, Irvine, CA
92714(714) 559-8727.

The MSC-16 Microprocessor/control-
ler is a low-cost, interactive, acquisition/
controller system. The system has 16
control ports, 16 digital and 15 analog
data acquisition ports. Includes 256
channels of BSR capability. Operates
from a game port on the Apple but also
has RS-232 capabilities. It is pro-
grammed in a high-level language writ-
ten for the Apple II. The program is com-
piled by the MCS-16 and then can oper-
ate independently or in background with
the main computer. Energy manage-
ment and biomedical monitoring and
control are two areas that are a natural
for this system. Has battery backup and
a 7 day real time clock/calendar, i/e asso-
ciates, Inc., 3702 East Lake Street,
#202, Minneapolis, MN 55406 (612)
721-5066.

A new Direct-Connect Telephone
Modem for use with Apple II and Apple II
PLus microcomputers has been intro-
duced by ESI LYNX. It is easy to install
and use. It plugs into the peripheral slots
and the telephone line without an acous-
tic coupler and is styled to match the Ap-
ple II. Features originate/answer, pro-
grammable word length, parity, number
of stop bits, and full/half duplex. Op-
tional at extra cost are auto-dial and
auto-answer functions. Instruction
manual lists free bulletin board tele-
phone numbers and describes how to
call these and other services, including
the Source and Compu-Serve. One-year
factory warranty — $295.95. At your
local dealer or ESI LYNX, 123 Locust
Street, Lancaster, PA 17602 (717)
291-1116.

MEMORY

The Saturn 32K RAM Board for the Ap-
ple features on-board bank selection,
write protect, switch selection of RAM
board or motherboard ROM. Compa-
tible with Microsoft’s Z80 SoftCard,
either DOS 3.2 or 3.3, Integer BASIC,

FALL 1981

Applesoft, PASCAL, FORTRAN, LISA
Ver 2, VisiCalc. 90 day warranty. Appli-
cations software includes relocation
program for DOS, alternate language,
making extra memory available to pro-
grams, etc. — $239. Saturn Systems,
Inc., P.O. Box 8050, Ann Arbor, MI
48107 (313) 665-6416.

MUSIC

Noisemaker II uses one General Instru-
ments AY3-89 10 Sound Chip with three
tone generators, one envelope genera-
tor, one noise source, two 8-bit I/O ports.
Applications vary from games and
graphics, to aircraft and machine simu-
lation to audible alarms. Also contains
an audio amplifier, bread-board area.
Create phasers, music, gunshots, “outer
space” noises and more. Kit $60. As-
sembled and tested $79.95. Ackerman
Digital Systems, Inc., 110 North York
Road, Elmhurst, IL 60126 (312)
530-8992.

POWER CONDITIONING

Mayday, an uninterruptible power sup-
ply will handle up to 600 watts. Protects
against power surges, sudden drops in
voltage or disruption of power. Prices
start at $240 for the 150 watt system.
Sun Research, Inc., Box 210, New Dur-
ham, NH 03855 (603) 859-7110.

PRINTER/PLOTTERS

Matrix Printer provides multiple char-
acter sets, letter quality printing. The
Malibu Dual-Mode 200 can perform
high speed DP tasks at an efficient 165
to 200 characters per second and can
produce letters of outstanding quality at
speeds of 42 to 70 CPS as well. Ex-
panded character sets, italics, gothic,
greek/math at various pitches, graphics
too — $2,995. Malibu Electronics Cor-
poration, 2301 Townsgate Road, West
Lake Village, C A 9 1 36 1 (805) 496- 1 990.

The Bytewriter-1 is an 80-column Dot
Matrix Printer for under $300! Uses a
7-wire print head with bi-directional
printing at 60 lines per minute (80 cps)
continuous. Utilizes a 96 character
ASCII set with upper and lower case.
Prints at 10 characters per inch plus ex-
panded printing. Friction feed (synchro-
nous), accepts single sheet or roll paper
up to 9V2 inches wide. Replacement
heads are less than $30. Prints original
plus three copies — $299. Microtek, Inc.,
9514 Chesapeake Drive, San Diego, CA
92123(714)278-0633.

PLAY IT SAFE!

AND BE Dwk ABOUT IT.

Cover it right

Cover it Dwk

WOULDN’T YOU RATHER HAVE THE BEST !

□wk is Protection

For the keyboards of Apple and Apple II

□wk is Strength

Molded of high-impact textured black plastic

□wk is Style

Precision designed to fit the keyboard like a glove

HUTTON INDUSTRIES, INC., P.0. Box 1413

HUTTON INDUSTRIES, INC., P.O. Box 1413

Tacoma, WA 98401

Tacoma, WA 98401

Please send me Qwk Cover(s) for only $12.95 each.

Total amount enclosed $ (Washington

residents add 5.4% sales tax) Check or money order. No
COD’s please.

Please send me Qwk Cover(s) for only $12.95 each.

Total amount enclosed $ (Washington

residents add 5.4% sales tax) Check or money order. No
COD’s please.

CHARGE IT: □ Visa □ MasterCard

Expiration Date

Card #

Signature

PLEASE PRINT

Name :

Address

CHARGE IT: □ Visa □ MasterCard

Expiration Date

Card #

Signature

PLEASE PRINT

Name

Address

City State

Allow six weeks for delivery.

Zip ■ City State Zip.

* Apple®, Apple II®, Disk II® are trademarks of Apple Computer Company.

PAGE 86

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Epson MX- 1 00 is a 1 5 inch wide Matrix
Printer with letter quality printing and
an ultra-high resolution bit image
graphics capability. Up to 233 columns
of data on 15 inch wide paper. Both a
friction feed and fully adjustable, re-
movable tractors. Priced under $1,000.
See your local Epson dealer or contact
Epson America, Inc., 23844 Hawthorne
Boulevard, Torrance, CA 90505 (213)
378-2220.

MISCELLANEOUS

Robot “Turtle” and Interface Card is
available for the Apple II. The interface
enables the user to conveniently control
the turtle from a high level language
(BASIC, Pascal, LOGO, etc.) via simple
I/O statements. It can be used at home or
in the classroom for teaching, learning
or just having fun. Interface includes a
parallel port, a separate regulated, cur-
rent-limited power supply, and interface
software. Turtle control commands in-
clude forward, back, right, left, eyes,
pen, horn, tone, off, front touch sensor.
Turtle $399.95 kit, Interface $199.95,
Pascal software $14.99. Terrapin, Inc.,
678 Massachusetts Avenue # 205, Cam-
bridge, MA 02139 (617) 492-8816.

Three Monitors are available from
Amdek Corp. The first is a 13 inch High
Resolution Color monitor which is di-
rectly compatible with the Apple II. A
peripheral board is available to interface
the Apple II. 32 lbs. $999 (pictured). A
normal color monitor — compatible with
the Apple II is 25.6 lbs. $449. Also of-
fered is a green phosphor monitor
weighing only 17 lbs. with a 12 inch
screen $249. Amdek Corp. (formerly
Leedex), 2420 E. Oakton Street, Suite
“E”, Arlington Heights, IL 60005 (312)
364-1180.

Software

BUSINESS

Electronic Stock Package for the Apple
II includes password and programs for
accessing the Dow Jones Stock Quote
Reporter (contains more than 6000 daily
stock prices). Current rates permit
nightly updating of 30 stocks for about
$.50 per session. Downloading pro-
grams provide for auto dialing, logging
on, retrieving daily data (prev. close,
open, high, low, close, volume) for up to
200 stocks stored in easily edited file,
disconnecting from system, and the
writing of data to a single file on the
user’s disk. Data can then be displayed
or printed. Conversion programs read
this disk file, formats data (M/D/Y/VOLV
FNL), and automatically updates each
individual stock file. Requires Apple 11/
11 + , Applesoft, 48K, Disk, D. C. Hayes
Micromodem II— $80. Stock Market
Utility programs provide for manual en-
try of stock data, correction of errors,
stock splits, etc., comparative evalua-
tion of stock performance, graphics
hardcopy, conversion of data from Com-
puServe’s MICROQUOTE financial data
base. Demo included — fully compatible
with Electronic Stock Package —
$59.95. H&H Scientific, 13507
Pendleton Street, Oxon Hill, MD 20022
(301)292-3100.

The PEAR System is a portfolio record-
keeping and reporting system for stock-
brokers and other investment profes-
sionals. It is the first complete portfolio
management system for the Apple
which is designed with multiple port-
folio recordkeeping in mind. Includes
automatic pricing from Dow Jones,
matching of proceeds and cost basis by
tax lot, automatic adjustment of posi-
tions for stock splits, and fully formatted
portfolio appraisal, unrealized gain and
loss, realized gain and loss, and invest-
ment income reports. Features a full
cross reference listing of client holdings
by security. Complete documentation.
Requires 48K, 2 floppy disk drives, 132
column printer, D. C. Hayes Micro-
modem (or Apple Communications
Card on special order). Add on disk in-
cludes a VisiCalc interface and a multi-
ple data disk cross reference capa-
bility— $500. PEAR Systems, 27 Briar
Brae Road, Stamford, CT 06903 (203)
322-5593.

BUSINESS/EDUCATION

Electronic Mail for the Apple is pro-
vided by Micro-Courier which allows
rapid transmission of charts, graphs,
correspondence, VisiCalc reports and

entire programs to other Apple compu-
ters over standard phone lines. Trans-
missions can be sent automatically
allowing the owner to take advantage of
low night phone rates. Micro-Courier
can send 1,000 words of text in one
minute for less than a quarter. A com-
parable TWX message would cost $4.32
— $250. Micro-Telegram allows Apple
owners to access Western Union Ser-
vice, worldwide. Besides sending mail-
grams, Apple owners can send and re-
ceive TWX, Telex, and international
cables. Also allows access to Infomaster,
the Western Union Data Base— $250.
Microcom, 89 State Street, Boston, MA
02109 (617) 367-6362.

Fast Facts was created and designed by
a Certified Financial Planner for quick
analysis of the personal investment
planning needs of his clients. Operates
very easily with single key program
selection and printing commands. In-
cludes planning for retirement, college
financing, diversifying your invest-
ments, the result of inflation in devalu-
ing your earnings, costs of borrowing
money and loan balance at any point in
time, investment calculations for com-
pounding and with disk and printer (de-
sirable) — $95 includes disk and instruc-
tions. Richard Lorance and Associates,
Ltd., 3336 N. 32nd Street, Suite 102,
Phoenix, AZ 85018

AIDA: Apple Interactive Data Analysis

is a new statistical analysis system. The
program builds self-descriptive data
files on the disk, then recalls variables by
a “virtual memory” process as they are
referenced by the user. Up to 11,000
data points may reside in memory at
once, allowing a maximum of over
4,000 cases in analysis. Sub-setting,
transformation, missing data and case
weights are supported. Statistics include
mean, variance, distributions, histo-
grams, two-way tables (with Chi-square),
Pearson and rank correlation, pair and
standard t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple
linear regression. Uses provisional
means algorithms for accuracy of vari-
ances and cross-products, and com-
putes significance levels. Data may be
input from text files, or through an enter
and verify routine. Users may modify
program code or write their own “spe-
cial” commands. Requires 48K with Ap-
plesoft ROM and one Disk II or Corvus
— $235. Action-Research Northwest,

1 1 442 Marine View Drive, S. W., Seattle,
WA 98146 (206) 244-9360.

SOFTSWAP is a joint project of the San
Mateo County Office of Education and
Computer-Using Educators. Offers a
collection of approximately 240 public
domain instructional programs for the
Apple, TRS-80, PET, Compucolor, and
Atari. Most are short, stand-alone in-

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Retail Price will be $220.00 effective September 1, 1981

Introductory price of $150.00 available from June 1, 1981 through Sept. 1, 1981.

Existing copies of the Modifiable Database may be returned (original disk and manual),
with $75.00 for the complete Data Reporter package. Order yours today!

Available from your local dealer or send check or money order to Synergistic Soft-
ware, 5221 120 Avenue S.E., Bellevue, Washington 98006 or phone 206-226-3216.

• You can append or merge up to a full disk
of data files, or segment your data into sep-
arate files by a search key.

* Searches can contain up to 10 levels. You can
search for a key word in any field, the absence

of a keyword, or a number being within a
specified range.

• Global editing of data may be performed.
• Arithmetic processing can be performed

during record entry, edit, or output.

• Record entry, edit, or deletion (individual
records or blocks) can be performed with no

tedious delays waiting for disk accesses, index
file updates, etc.

• Data may be stored on any number of floppy

or hard disk drives.

• Data files can be reformatted at any time

without reentering the data.
* Backup disk for $5.00.

• The package requires an Apple II plus or
Apple II with Applesoft firmware, 48K RAM,

at least one disk drive, and DOS 3.3.

Washington residents add 5.4% sales tax.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

PAGE 88

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

structional units. Many are drill & prac-
tice exercies for the elementary school
level or for remedial work at the second-
ary level. Each disk contains from 5 to
28 programs for various subjects and
grade levels. Programs and disks may
be copied without charge by visitors to
the center. Purchase is available by mail
at a cost of $10 per disk or one SOFT-
SWAP disk per original program (trade)
on disk. Newsletter also available. $ 1 for
ordering/exchange information to Ann
Lathrop, Library Coordinator, SOFT-
SWAP, San Mateo County Office of Edu-
cation, 333 Main Street, Redwood City,
CA 94063.

Medical Secretary applications
package for the Apple allows for the
automation of appointment scheduling,
private patient billing, insurance form
preparation, medical history and patient
record maintenance and word process-
ing. The latest release 2.0 adds extended
record lengths, improved editing, global
diagnostic search, record reformatting,
recent records review, and patient form
letter preparation. The system also of-
fers improved handling of specialist’s
medical reports, summary medical
record prearation, and form preparation
of referral letters. Operates in Apple 11
with ROM Applesoft and 48K or Apple III
with at least 96K RAM. Requires 2 disk
drives and a 132 column printer —
$695.95. Monument Computer Service,
Village Data Center, P.O. Box 603,
Joshua Tree, CA (800) 854-0561 ext.
802, in CA (800) 432-7257.

The Real Estate Analyzer offers true
after-tax cash flows for any ten-year
period, return-on-investment, internal
rate- of- return, return- on- equity,
boom/bust comparisions, current and
future tax consequences, six different
measures of profitability, report genera-
tion, and a tutorial on investment analy-
sis. Ideal for scrutinizing property infla-
tion, rent control, negative cash flow
conditions, property tax limitation —
$150. Howard Software Services, 6713
Vista del Mar, La Jolla, CA 92037 (714)
454-5079.

Interactive courseware program in com-
puter literacy is designed for junior and
senior high school students. It involves
the student with both the programming
concepts and the social issues related to
computers. Using a teacher directed ap-
proach, including group introduction to
each chapter, Computer Discovery can
be completed in approximately six
weeks of normal presentation. The pro-
gram can also be used on a student-
directed basis allowing an individual to
complete the course in as little as 15
hours, without the direct involvement of
a teacher — $195. Science Research
Associates, 155 N. Wacker Drive, Chi-
cago, IL 60606 (312) 984-2053.

Micro-DSS/FINANCE is a complete fi-
nancial modeling and graphics software
package for the microcomputer. Built-in
functions include depreciation, net pre-
sent value, internal rate of return and
amortization. Flexible report writing lets
the user custom design financial re-
ports. Unique graphics feature permits
retention for later replay as a “slide
show” on the monitor. Over a year of
field testing in a variety of business set-
tings— $1,500. Addison-Wesley Pub-
lishing Company, Business & Profes-
sional Division, Reading, MA 01867.

Life Insurance Client Management
System stores 750 clients per diskette
and runs in DOS 3.3 under Applesoft.
Add, delete or change data in the file —
print out selectively or produce mailing
labels. Future enhancements to include
interview comments, policy records,
family information, balance sheet and
more. One program diskette with 2 ini-
tialized diskettes for client records —
$85. Life Plan Analysts, P.O. Box 215,
Springtown, PA 18081 (215) 326-8544.

The Time Manager is a daily organizer
and personal information system which
runs on a 48K Apple II computer. The
user is able to create daily schedules,
prioritize activities and record appoint-
ments, expenses and all pertinent per-
sonal data. Important information can
be retrieved in seconds by scanning for-
ward and backward in time. The built-in
alarm alerts the user for key appoint-
ments or meetings. Daily, monthly and
yearly totals are obtained quickly and
easily. Provides generalized or itemized
totals based on individual specifica-
tions, such as, a general travel account
of itemized trip expense. Prints sched-
ules, agendas, phone lists or any other
important data. Includes both program
and data disks complete with operating
examples in a three-ring binder, instruc-
tions and a reference card — $149.95.
Image Computer Products, 615
Academy Drive, Northbrook, IL 60062
(312) 564-5060.

Paymaster Payroll System is totally
menu driven and easy to use. Every ele-
ment of data in every file is available to
the user for modification — making cor-

rections quick and easy. Detail is kept
for each check issued so you don’t have
to worry about timing the payroll runs
with your quarterly reports. Prints the
contents of the screen at any time! Sup-
ports variable pay periods. Tax tables
are disk based so you can change the
tables as the Government changes the
rules. Multiple drives and system con-
figuration are standard features — $175.
Masterworks Software, Inc., 1823 West
Lomita Blvd., Lomita, CA 90710 (213)
539-7486.

A-STAT is a statistical analysis and file
maintenance system for the Apple II.
Computes frequencies, bi-variate
tables — chi sqares, correlation matrices,
multiple regression, residuals. Includes
a plot interface, File Cabinet interface,
file sort, aggregation, report writing,
reads VisiCalc files and has a complete
transformation languge. Uses standard
DOS Text files and EXECs. Requires
48K and Applesoft in ROM — $125.
Rosen Grandon Associates, 296 Peter
Green Road, Tolland, CT 06084 (203)
875-3541.

SoftCare is an advanced, software sys-
tem designed to automate the billing
and receivables functions in a medical
office of one to seven physicians. The
fill-in-the-blank screen formats are self-
prompting and are edited for complete-
ness and correctness. Unique “brows-
ing” feature allows you to quickly and
easily page through an electronic file of
patient records. Produces a complete
set of forms and reports including pa-
tient bills, insurance claims, claims ex-
ception report, patient and carrier aged
accounts receivable, revenue by doctor,
procedure frequency by doctor, patient
transaction list and a daily transaction
list. Procedure and diagnosis codes are
user defined, with no limit on the
number in the system. Runs on the Ap-
ple II with eight inch diskette drives or
the Corvus hard disk — $1,995. Demon-
stration diskettes with operator manual
are available for $60. Professional
Business Software, 119 Fremont Street,
San Francisco, CA 94105 (415)
546-1596.

Micro-Set is a computer phototype-
setter service using microcomputer
files. Words can be drafted on an Apple II
word processor, then edited to add type-
setting commands, such as font and size
changes. Finally a special program
sends the text to a typesetting machine.
Text can be accepted either on disk or
over the phone (at up to 1200 baud).
Over 150 available type faces. Compu/
systems 2724 First Avenue South, Seat-
tle, WA 98134 (206) 622-3422.

Personal Software has introduced four
new business software packages. They
are VisiPlot, a high-resolution plotting

Start talking
business

with your Apple

COBOL is the most effective business language.

Apple II is the most friendly business computer.

CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 brings together the
best features of COBOL and Apple to enable you to
deliver the most effective, user-friendly applications.

Business Programmers: Take the COBOL
expertise you have acquired on big business
mainframes, and use it on Apple II to create friendly
applications that will talk directly to your users -
where it suits them best, on their own desks.

CIS COBOL's dynamic module loading gives
you big application capability and the FORMS-2
source generator lets you build and modify
conversational programs from visual screen
formats, creating much of the code automatically.

Application vendors: CIS COBOL with
FORMS-2 steps up the pace for your development
of the high quality professional application
packages needed today. And creating them in
COBOL makes them more maintainable.

Over half the Apple ll's now being sold are going
to business or professional users so demand for
quality applications is growing fast, creating big
business opportunities for you.

Stability proven by the US Government.

CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for two
consecutive years by the US General Services
Administration as conforming to the ANSI 74
COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is included
in CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation
(at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plus
Indexed 1-0 and Level 2 Inter-Program
Communication).

Get your hands on CIS COBOL at your
Apple dealer.

Talk business with him now!

Micro Focus Inc., 1601 Civic Center Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95050. Phone: (408) 248-3982.

MICRO FOCUS

CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 for use on the Apple II with CP/M is an Apple Distributed Product.
CIS COBOL and FORMS-2 are trademarks of Micro Focus. CP/M is a trademark of Digital
Research . Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer.

PAGE 90

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

and graphics package that produces
plots in six different formats and colors
automatically using the lastest version
of VisiCalc — $179.95. VisiDex is a
highly flexible and personal information
system which can store and retrieve in-
formation on a screen in a free-form un-
structured way using keywords —
$199.95. VisiTrand/VisiPlot is a com-
bination of VisiPlot graphics and a pro-
gram for time-series manipulation trend
forecasting and descriptive statistics —
$259.95. VisiTerm allows a personal
computer to communicate with a variety
of computers ranging from mainframes
to micros. This program can send data
files from the other programs between
computers — $149.95. Personal Soft-
ware, 1330 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale,
CA 94086.

COMMUNICATIONS

The Buffered Modem is an advanced
telecommunication operating system
for the Apple II. Works with a wide vari-
ety of hardware including the D. C.
Hayes Micromodem, the Apple Com-
munications Card and any Serial Card
made for the Apple today. Most
80-column boards are also supported
using the configuration program pro-
vided. Includes a print buffer that prints
only as fast as the printer can accept
data. A capture buffer allows the user to
capture in memory any or all of the
modem sessions up to 23,000 bytes and
save to or retrieve from disk if desired.
Also supported is disk-to-disk transfer of
any Apple DOS file with error check and
re-transmission. This makes even a poor
connection a secure link for transmit-
ting important programs and files. Com-
plete with full terminal program. At your
local store or contact: Agent Computer
Services, RR#3, Columbia City, IN
46725(219)625-3600.

GRAPHICS

Ultra Hi-Res Graphics for the IDS Paper
Tiger 460G/560G is now available. This
program is designed to take full advan-
tage of the high resolution capabilities of
either of the IDS printers. The program,
which is transparent to Applesoft, first
writes to disk then dumps from disk to
printer without being restricted to the
280 x 192 resolution of the Apple’s Hi-
Res page— $49.95. Computer Station,
1 1610 Page Service Drive, St. Louis, MO
(314) 432-7019.

Software Driver allows the user to dump
the contents of the high resolution pages
to the new Epson MX-80 or Centronics
739 printers to obtain hard copy
graphics. Enhanced version was de-
signed for ease of use as well as flexibility

for the more advanced user. Supports
eight (MX-80) or five (Centronics) types
of interface cards. Fully menu driven
with options for expanded graphics,
position on the page, inverse or normal,
page 1 or page 2, etc. Either version:
$44.95. Computer Station, 11610 Page
Service Drive, St. Louis, MO 63141
(314) 432-7019.

A family of 3-D Programs for your Ap-
ple includes the A2-3D1 graphics pack-
age which is a utility designed to handle
3-D data bases and display them on the
Hi-Resolution screen/s — $59.95 on disk.
The enhancement package A2-3D2
adds color and independent movement
of different objects at the same time
$24.95. The A2-GE1 graphics editor
allows you to create images as you view
them. Scan them, animate them, com-
bine them or add text or labels — $34.95.
Saturn Navigator A2-3D/A is an adven-
turous flight to Saturn, enter orbit and
rendezvous with an orbital space station
that awaits your arrival — $24.95. The
last three items require the A2-3D1
package. subLogic, Box V, Savoy, IL
61874 (217) 359-8482.

LANGUAGES

Pegasys Systems’ new P-LISP Interpre-
ter is a full implementation of the well-
known Artificial Intelligence language.
Written in machine code, this powerful
interpreter includes the following
features: 55 functions implemented, 45
page user manual, full function trace,
fast, efficient garbage collector. Sup-
plied with function editor and pretty-
printer. Runs in 32 or 48K Apple II or II +
with disk. Eliza and other sample pro-
grams included — $99.95. Specify DOS
3.2 or 3.3 Pegasys Systems, 4005 Chest-
nut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104(215)
387-1500.

APL for the Apple requires CP/M, Micro-
soft’s Z-80 Soft Card and a 24 x 80 video
card. A version is available which does
not require a video coard is the user can
use mnemonics in lieu of the actual APL
character set. Includes: 11 arithmetic
functions, 11 Boolean and relational
functions, 1 1 selectional and structural
functions, and 9 general functions in-
cluding execute and format. Supports
arrays up to eight dimensions. Includes
4 applications packages: Simulation of
APL* PLUS file system, keyed Indexed
Sequential Access Method (ISAM), Text
Editor, and Check Management — $500.
Vanguard Systems Corp., 6901 Blanco,
San Antonio, TX 78216.

SIMULATIONS/GAMES

Robotwar gives the players the opportu-
nity to write a special battle language
program which gives his or her robot its
individual personality. This language
controls such things as the robot’s radar,
lasar cannon, speed and position. On the
Robot Test bench, the player “de-bugs”
this Battle Language program to ensure
that the game strategy will be logically
executed on the battlefield. Completed
robots may be stored in an encrypted
format on a friend’s disk. This allows
players to share robots without revealing
their program secrets. Provides a birds-
eye view on the Hi-Resolution screen
showing robots scurrying about, radar
beams flashing, lasar cannons aiming,
flying shots exploding and expired
robots disappearing in a poof. Like
chess, it is an elegant strategy game. The
basics of Battle Language are easily
learned, yet RobotWar mastery may
take a lifetime. Requires 48K, Applesoft
ROM and a disk drive — $39.95 includes
membership in the RobotWar Club.
Available at computer stores
everywhere or from Muse Software, 330
N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
(301)659-7212.

Two new games from Sirius Software
are Sneakers and Gorgon. Sneakers are
little guys who appear to be friendly but
will quickly stomp you out if you do not
get them first. After sneakers come wave
after wave of Cyclops, Saucers, Fangs,
H-Wings, Meteors, Scrambles, and
Scrubs. Written entirely in assembly lan-
gauge by Mark Turmell, Sneakers will
operate on a 48K Apple II or 11+ with
disk drive and is playable with keyboard
or paddle — $29.95. Gorgon has you as a
fighter pilot defending the planet by de-
stroying strange creatures who are steal-
ing people from the surface of the Earth.
Do not run into these creatures or let
their “smart eggs” hit you or you will ex-
plode. Features pause, restart, and
sound control keys and some of the fast-
est color graphic routines ever pro-
grammed for the Apple. Has many dif-
ferent levels — $39.95 requires 48K and
a disk drive. From your local dealer only.

Phantoms Five by Nasir is a fast action
full color hi-resolution fighter pilot
game which places you in the cockpit
dropping bombs on emplacements as
you pass over them. At unexpected
times, you soar into the sky in a dogfight
with phantom fighters. Superb graphics
and challenging action — $29.95. Ptilsar
II is two programs in one — Pulsar has as
its object the destruction of the spinning
shields around the pulsar and the de-
struction of the pulsar itself. Wormwall
is an ever-changing maze where walls do

FALL 1981

not connect and openings occur tempo-
rarily. In the center circles spin madly
with little creatures awaiting your arrival
into their level of the maze — $29.95. By
Sirius Software, Inc., at your local dealer.

Crossword Puzzle System lets you
create and play your own crosswords or
work on the ones included. The Cross-
word Machine has easy or hard puzzles
that are topical — $24.95 disk plus $2
postage and handling. L&S Computer-
ware, P.O. Box 70728, Sunnyvale, CA
94086 (800) 227-1617 ext. 481 in CA
(800) 772-3545 ext. 481.

Mate is a chess-problem-solving pro-
gram that quickly determines whether
or not mating is possible within the re-
maining number of moves, and it can
solve mate, helpmate, and self-mate in n
moves. Supports all four promotions, en
passant, and castling. Uses FIDE stan-
dard notation and European board nota-
tion with user definable notation. Re-
quires 48K with one disk drive — $60.
Mike Korhonen, Neitsytpolku 6 A 8,
Sf-00140 Helsinki 14, Finland.

Mychess is the most advanced micro-
computer chess program available for
your Apple computer. Nine levels of
play for beginners to grand masters.
Winner of the Fifth West Coast Compu-

APPLE ORCHARD

ter Faire. USCF rating of 1615. Requires
Z-80 SoftCard — $34.95. Through your
local dealer or Datasoft, Inc., 19519
Business Center Drive, Northridge, CA
91324(213)701-5161.

Pool 1.5 for the Apple II is the first and
only color graphics pool simulation.
Provides real-time animation, 256 direc-
tions for aiming, 4 popular games: eight
ball, straight pool, rotation, and nine
ball. Instant replay for any shot and a
special slow-motion control. Requires
48K Apple II with disk II and paddles —
$34.95. At your dealer or IDSI, P.O. Box
1658, Las Cruces, NM 88004 (505)
522-7373.

Tuesday Morning Quarterback is an ex-
citing football simulation that gives you
real control. You pick the NFL team that
plays closest to your management style.
Play with the computer or a friend. Call
the plays like quarterback sneak, draw,
sweep, etc., or pass plays, bomb, short
curl, screen. Option and trick plays too.
With a probability structure that comes
close to the real thing — it’s never the
same game twice. Superb graphics in
real-time with color and sound — $29.95
at your local store or add $2 postage and
handling and order from: Automated

PAGE 91

Simulations, Inc., P.O. Box 4247, 1988
Leghorn Street, Mountain View, CA
94040 (800) 824-7888 in CA (800)
852-7777.

UTILITIES

Convert Apple BASIC files to Pascal.
PUP I, a user-friendly Pascal Utility
Package was designed specifically for
the Apple Pascal 1.1 environment. Fea-
tures moving of BASIC files (Applesoft,
Integer, Text, Binary) to a Pascal disk,
sets system date at boot (automatically if
you have a Mountain Hardware Clock),
produces printer-formatted listings of
Pascal text files, supports Pascal wild-
cards, 40/80 column formats, upper and
lower case, user modifiable BASIC
tokens, error checking with diagnostic
messages, single or multi-drive opera-
tion, on-line user assitance, full docu-
mentation — $29.95. Dealer and club
discounts available. Gryphon Micro-
products, P.O. Box 6543, Silver Spring,
MD 20906. Mr. Alan Weiner.

Disk Fixer and Monitor Extender are
machine language programs which
enable the experienced programmer to
manipulate, protect and display data.
Disk fixer provides easy access to either
13 or 16 sector formatted disks at either

-X RATED

The most fun you can have
sitting down

$1.00 shipping/handling charge.
(California residents add 6% tax)

For broadminded Apple I * owners.

The wild, racy program for tongue-in-cheek (or
wherever!) adult fun, stimulation and pleasure
secrets.

X Rated, authored by Aphrodite and
Don Juan, is the hottest disk in town. Every
scene, every position, every sensual and
hilarious action is animated in Hi-Resolution
graphics. It'll be the life of the party.

Your friends will be amazed, amused and
shocked. Just watch their expressions when the
action is matched with the 'sounds of sex'!

X Rated is only for those not offended by explicit
sexual matter. . .and who can chuckle at the
human condition.

Mailed in an anonymous brown paper wrapper.
If under 18 parental approval
required. Inquiries invited from very-
broadminded dealers.

Act now. $24.95 on diskette. Send to:

NO NAME SOFTWARE

8618 Reseda Blvd., Suite 115
Northridge, CA 91324
(213) 885-1955

‘Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

PAGE 92

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

the track or sector level. The user is al-
lowed sector by sector access to named
files. Displays information in hex, ASCII
or a mixture of both $29.95. Monitor Ex-
tender is a handy programming tool that
enhances the capabilities of the Apple II
Monitor ROMs. Memory may be dis-
played in ASCII or binary. A range of
memory may be disassembled into an
ASCII file in memory with the result a
labelled file that can be used for assem-
bler source code — $19.95. Image Com-
puter Products, 615 Academy Drive,
Northbrook, IL 60062 (312) 564-5060.

Micro/Apple 1 is the first in a series of
volumes containing 30 articles selected
from MICRO magazine from
1977-1980. The staff has re-entered,
listed, and tested the programs and put
them on a diskette. Includes chapters on
BASIC aids, graphics, education,
games, I/O enhancements, runtime utili-
ties and references — $24.95 for book
and diskette at your local store or add $2
for surface shipment from MICRO, P.O.
Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824.

Memory Management System will put
Dos into your memory expansion card
giving you 10.5 K more program — use-
able RAM! Works with 3.2 or 3.3 and
establishes all the hooks and links ne-
cessary to use DOS in its new location —

$39.95. Micro-Sparc, Inc., P.O. Box 325,
Lincoln, MA 01733 (617) 259-9710.

Dual DOS in ROM for the Apple II per-
mits you to switch from one DOS (3.2 or
3.3) to another without booting. This
utility is contained in two ROMs, which
when plugged into MC’s Romplus or the
Andromeda ROMboard, will be perma-
nently imbedded in your Apple’s
memory and waiting for instant access.
Switching is practically instantaneous.
A simple CALL from BASIC or direct
from the Monitor is all that is required.
Recommended for drives configured
with 3.3 ROMs. Operates with either
BASIC or the Language Card and re-
quires 48K, DOS 3.3 and the above men-
tioned expansion boards — $49.95. Soft
CTRL Systems, Box 599, West Milford,
NJ 07480.

Copy II Plus is the ultimate Apple disk
copy program. Copies multiple formats:
DOS 3.2, 3.3, PASCAL, FORTRAN, and
CP/M. Copies diskettes in less than 45
seconds, which is faster than most other
copy programs. Written entirely in ultra
fast assembly language. Requires Apple
11 with 48K and at least one Disk Drive —
$39.95. Central Point Software, Inc.,
P.O. Box 3563, Central Point, OR 97502
(503) 773-1970.

Apple Alarm is a program that converts
your computer into a sentry, keeping
track of intrusion, smoke, motion, fire,
moisture and other on/off sensory in-
puts. Attach your switch, fire alarm,
floor mat, etc. to the paddle buttons and
your Apple will sound an alarm or qui-
etly keep time from the moment trig-
gered — $20. Andent, Inc., 1000 North
Avenue, Waukegan, IL 60085.

WORD PROCESSING

WordStar does it better than any other
word processing system. Not only do
you get all the sophisticated features
you’d expect from the high-priced WP
system, with Word Star you have a true
screen image of what your printout will
look like before you print it. Erase, in-
sert, delete and move entire blocks of
copy. Page breaks are displayed and
automatically revised on the screen. You
can specify enhancements like under-
lining and boldfacing, and much more.
Easy to learn because of its unique and
extensive self-help menus. Sold through
authorized dealers and distributors only.
OEM inquiries invited. Requires Micro-
Soft Softcard and 80 column video
board. Write for address of nearest

MEW... an

APPLE SOFTWARE
BUYER’S GUIDE

Everybody who buys Apple programs should first read the reviews
in A STAR SOFTWARE REVIEW. Distinguish between good
programs and disappointing ones . before you spend your money.
Each issue reviews and describes Apple software. Use our ★ rating
system to compare games. Helpful when buying mail-order. A
subscription for 1 year is only $7.35 for 4 issues — a bargain
compared to the $15 or more that you risk on each purchase.

4 STAR SOFTWARE REVIEW

Oept. A , 844 Windbreak Street
Kamloops , BC , Canada V3B 5P1
• Good service to our USA friends !

☆ YES' Sign me up as a charter subscriber at us$7.S5 for 1 year.
Not sure. Send me a sample copy for $1.99 plus $1.00 for
handling.

☆ Check enclosed.

☆ Charge my VISA, MC account

no. exp.

My name is

I live at

City State Zip

• API 01 Apple II with Single Disk Drive $109

• API 02 Apple II with Double Disk Drives 119

• API 03 Apple II, 9 inch Monitor & Double Drives ... 129

• API 04 Applet, two additional Drives & Silentype 139

• API 05 12 inch monitor plus accessories 99

• RS201 TRS-80 Model I, Expansion Unit & Drives — 109

• RS202 TRS-80 Monitor or TV set 84

• RS204 TRS-80 Model III 129

• RS205 Radio Shack Color Computer 89

• P401 Paper Tiger 440/445/460 99

• P402 Centronics 730/737 - Line Printer ll/IV 89

• P403 Epson MX70 or MX80 89

• CC90 Matching Attach^ Case 75

compuTer case company jj, ,,,

5650 INDIAN MOUND CT. COLUMBUS, OHIO 43213 (614) 868-9464 SSM

J

Verbatim

comments:

^Compared to the brands
I've used before,Verbatim
Datalife is the best yet! #

Sandy Tiedeman
Las Vegas, NV

WNew Verbatim helped
eliminate I/O errors on
my Apple. #

Richard Adams
Ft. Walton Beach, FL

WI would prefer Verbatim
Datalife over any brand I've
ever used.**

Skip Piltz
Overland Park, KS

WMy experience with
Verbatim diskettes has been
excellent. I've used several
boxes over the past few
months and they've all been
error-free. #

Robert Roeder

Las Vegas, NV

WMuch stronger, better
centering. A definite im-
provement.#

Leroy LaBalle
Marrero, LA

Wit has worked perfectly
everytime!#

Richard Ruth
Shippensburg, PA

WI like the thicker pro-
tective cover, #

David Hendel
Lititz, PA

WGreat! I have had no
problems !#

Timothy Roscoe
Mechanicsburg, PA

©1981 Verbatim Corporation
Datalife is a trademark of Verbatim Corp.

WSo far my Verbatim disks
have been performing flaw-
lessly. Not always so with
other disks. #

Chris Otis

Hoffman Estates, IL

W Thank you for the im-
provements. Just another
reason why 111 always use
Verbatim.#

James Hassler
Cheyenne, WY

WRuns quieter in the disk
drive.#

Richard Cannova
Los Angeles, CA

W Verbatim disks are super.
They're our standard for
quality.#

Bob Mills
Mission, KS

W Anything that prolongs the
life of a diskette is a plus.
Thank you Verbatim for an
excellent improvement.#
Steve Toth
Piscataway, NJ

WOf the 130-plus Verbatim
disks I have, I'm not aware
of any problems. I'm sure
the improvements will give
your disks an even longer
life#

Gerald Janas
Warren, MI

W FANTASTIC. Not a single
registration problem. Much
more reliable than what I
had been using.#

Gary Sandler
Play a Del Rey, CA v

WVerbatim is much more
reliable. I wouldn't trust
anything else.#

Howard Chin
Pomona, CA

We introduced Verbatim
Datalife mere months ago.
And it's already playing to
rave reviews like these.

But don't take anybody
else's word for it. Try it your-
self, and see if you don't
agree it's the best media
you've ever tried. For the
name of your nearest
Verbatim dealer, call (800)
538-1793, in California call
(408)737-7771 collect.

( >i.- >

! ¥

We play it back, Verbatim!

PAGE 94

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

dealer to: Micro Pro International Cor-
poration, 1299 4th Street, San Rafael,
CA 94901 (415) 457-8990.

Letter Perfect is a character oriented
word processor for the Apple 1 1 / 1 1 4- . Fast
action machine language, menu driven,
single load program. Requires disk drive
and 32K memory. One-time configura-
tion for your system, printer type, etc.,
can be reconfigured at any time. Sup-
ports proportional spacing, underline,
boldface with NEC or Qume/Diablo.
Will use any of the special print charac-
ters of your specific printer. All text
packed during saving for greater disk
storage capacity. Uses Super’R Term 80
column board — $149.95. UK Enter-
prises Inc., P.O. Box 10827, St. Louis,
MO 63129 (314) 846-6124.

Hebrew II is the first foreign language
word processor for the Apple II in
America. This program puts Hebrew
characters on the screen from right to
left (and numbers left to right in their
natural order) and allows full cursor
movement and character editing. Text
can be printed, saved to disk, and re-
called for further editing. Ideal for label-
ing graphs, charts, etc. — $60. Aurora
Systems, Inc., 2040 E. Washington
Avenue, Madison, WI 53704.

Catalogs

Three “where to find it” books are now
available. They are: Business Software
$5.95, Games and Recreational Soft-
ware $4.95, and Educational Software
for the teacher/student $5.95. WIDL
Video, 5245 W. Diversey Avenue, Chi-
cago, IL 60639 (312) 622-9606.

CATALOGS/BOOKS

32 BASIC Programs for the Apple
Computer is exactly what the title says, a
group of practical applications pro-
grams for home and work, for educa-
tion, graphics, and mathematics. Also
includes games. By studying the pro-
grams, you can also pick up some
pointers on efficient programming.
Written by Tom Rugg and Phil Feldman.
285 pages, 5V2xQVa inches, perfect
bound, softcover. $17.95. dilithium
Press, P.O. Box 606, Beaverton, OR
97075 (503) 646-2713.

An atlas to the Apple Computer, What’s
Where in the Apple is written by William
F. Luebbert. This definitive program-
mer’s guide to the Apple II describes all
the hardward and firmware character-
istics important to programmers, in-
cluding over 2,000 memory locations.

The book expands upon the author’s
highly popular article published in
MICRO, August 1979. Approximately
192 pages 8V2XII inches, cardstock
cover and wire-O binding. Publication in
August 1981 — $19.95. MICRO, 34
Chelmsford Street, P.O. Box 6502,
Chelmsford, MAO 1824 (800) 227-1617
ext. 564 in CA (800) 772-3545 ext. 564.

Here is a complete product catalog of
computer supplies, accessories and
cables; includes furniture, printer forms,
media, modems, printers, media car-
riers, etc. Inmac, 2465 Augustine Drive,
Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 737-7777
or (201) 767-3601.

The Fall 1981 Brain Food Catalog is
now available, with a $1 off money-
saving slip inside to be used on all orders
of $10 or more. Over 80 titles are fea-
tured with the scope of difficulty ranging
from complete novice to confirmed
computer user. Highlighted are such
books as Computers for Everybody,
Small Computers for the Small Busi-
nessman and How to get Started with
CP/M. Call the toll free number
800-547-1842 or write dilithium Press,
1 1000 SW 1 1th Street, Suite E, Beaver-
ton, Oregon, 97005.

This general catalog of computer sup-
plies and accessory products contains
binders, media, word processing items,
ribbons, work stations and supplies, cal-
culators, templates, etc. Visible Compu-
ter Supply Corporation, 3626 Stem
Drive, St. Charles, IL 60174 (800)
323-0628 in IL (312) 377-0990.

A new catalog from Mini Micro Mart,
Inc., has printers, media and supplies for
micros and minis includes Cromemco
systems, plotters, software, etc. 1618
James Street, Syracuse, NY 13203(315)
422-4467.

1981 Tool Kit Catalog offers special-
ized test equipment and tools, cases,
oscilloscopes, digital multimeters,
probes, wire wrap tools, etc. Specialized
Products Company, 2324 Shorecrest
Drive, Dallas, TX 75235 (800) 527-5019
in TX (800) 442-3034.

Dataguide is the master catalog and di-
rectory of OEM computer products.
Some items for sale are computers and
processors, memories, disk and tape
drives, crt displays, printers, plotters,
punched card/tape, peripheral control-
lers, data communications devices, data
acquisition analog I/O systems,
test/development systems, software and
media and supplies — $25. Sentry Pub-
lishing Company, 5 Kane Industrial
Drive, Hudson, MA 01749 (617)
562-9308. Published semi-annually,
subscriptions $ 50/year or $75 oversea.

Personalized Computer Consultants
provides a catalog of many computer-
related items including computers,
peripherals and software. 11426 Rock-
ville Pike, Suite 110, Rockville, MD
20852 (301)770-5311.

Monument Computer Service has an-
nounced the release of its new free
Summer-Fall Software Catalog. The
new catalog features, for the first time,
products specifically prepared to oper-
ate on the Apple III computer. It also
features many new or improved educa-
tional products for the Apple II and Ap-
ple II Plus computers. Free. Monument
Computer Service, Village Data Center,
P.O. Box 603, Joshua Tree, CA 92252
(800) 854-0561 ext. 802 in CA (800)
432-7257.

Queue, Inc., has issued new updated di-
rectories of educational software. Cata-
logue IVA contains the most complete,
comprehensive lists available anywhere
of education software and educational
software publishers for Apple, Atari, and
Compucolor. Catalogue IVB contains
97 pages of educational software pro-
gram descriptions for Pet and TRS-80.
The most complete selection available,
hundreds of programs grouped by com-
puter, subject matter, and grade
level — $8.95 each from Monica Kan-
trowitz, President, Queue, Inc., 5 Chapel
Hill Drive, Fairfield, CT 06432 (203)
372-6761.

Miscellaneous

Mini-Flex Diskette Holder has a clear
plastic smoke-colored cover to seal out
dust. Bottom is stepped and dividers
keep disks from falling over. For 5 Va
inch diskettes. Advance Access, 2200
South Main Street, Lombard, IL 60148
(312) 629-5800 or (800) 323-3412.

Tee-shirts are available to user groups
or individual group members from
Automated Simulations, Inc., maker of
the EPYX line of computer games in-
cluding the popular “Temple of Apshai”.
Light blue tee shirt bears a bright red
dragon and dark blue logo and slogan:
“EPYX, Computer Games Thinkers
Play.” Normally priced at $6, the shirts
are available to group members at $5 in
mens’ sizes small, medium, large and
extra large from Automated Simula-
tions, Inc., P.O. Box 4247, Mountain
View, CA 94040 (415) 964-8021.

Catalog of gifts for Apple fanatics in-
cludes such attractive and useful items
as coffee mugs, tumblers, tee-shirts,
playing cards, jewelry, paper weights
and pens. Apple Computer Gift Cata-
log, 2280 Arbor Blvd., Dayton, OH
45439. A*

FALL 1981

APPLE ORCHARD

PAGE 95

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX

PAGE

Advanced Business Technology, Inc 54

Advanced Computer Products 60

ALF Products Inc 59

Apple Computer Inc 25, 58

AppIeSource 22

Avant-Garde Creations 66

Broderbund Software 24

Computer Case Company 92

Computer Station 43

Connecticut Information Systems 57

Creative Computing 15

Datamost 66

Decisionmakers, Inc 64

dilithium Press 13

Ed-Sci Development 81

4 Star Software Review 92

Hardcore Computing 81

Hayden Book Company, Inc 14

Hutton Industries, Inc 85

Information Unlimited Software 35

M & R Enterprises IFC

PAGE

McGraw-Hill Book Company 54

Micro Focus 89

Micro-Sci 2

Microsoft 1

Mountain Computer BC

Nibble 71

No Name Software 91

OMEGA MicroWare, Inc 29, 58, 76

Prometheus Products Incorporated 41

Quad Systems 32

RKM Enterprises 66

RKS Enterprises, Inc 77

Software Publishing Corporation IBC

SSM Microcomputer Products 83

Strategic Simulations 7

Synergistic Software 5, 87

Thunderware, Inc 73

Used Computer Exchange 54

Verbatim 93

Videx 65

INTERNATIONAL
APPLE CORE

Apple

Orchard

SUBSCRIPTIONS

P.O. Box 1493, Beaverton, Oregon 97075

Please enter a subscription to Apple Orchard for:

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

COUNTRY

Subscription rate: $10.00 for four issues.

First class postage: $5.00 additional (required for Canada, Mexico, APO, and FPO addresses).
Overseas and other foreign air mail postage (required): $10 additional.

Charge it to my:

□ VISA □ MasterCard No Expiration date

Or make check or money order payable to ‘‘Apple Orchard" and return with this form to:

Apple Orchard Subscriptions
P.O. Box 1493
Beaverton, Oregon 97075

TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $ (USA)

PAGE 96

APPLE ORCHARD

FALL 1981

Buffer Overflow

CONVERSATION
WITH A CUSTOMS OFFICER

by Brian Strong
from The Electric Apple

(Note: Mr. Strong, Publisher of
The Electric Apple, lives in Well-
ington, New Zealand. We offer
here his description of a situa-
tion which highlights the relative
newness of Apples, the govern-
ment process, and the truly in-
ternational nature of the IAC.

— PCW)

Have you ever had to clear a compu-
ter program through Customs? It can
be quite an experience.

Part of the problem is that per-
sonally owned microcomputers are a
new fact of life in New Zealand, but
every package of software seems to
be regarded as something “for com-
mercial use” and liable to extortion-
ate duties. I received a program for
personal use and spent some time
explaining the whole concept of per-
sonal computing to the Customs Of-
ficer, who seemed unaware of its ex-
istence. I also halted traffic around
the Post Office counter by letting
loose with a strangled scream, just in
time to stop him from scratching the
surface of the disk with his fingernail
to see what it was made of.

My conversation went along these
lines:

“Yes, it is a magnetic recording.”
“No, it’s not the same rate of duty
as magnetic tape or cassette (music)
recordings.”

“It’s a recording of information
data and only works on my compu-
ter.”

“No, I’m not going to sell it to
anyone.”

“It’s binary encoded data, sort of
electronic writing that the computer
understands.”

“Try another page in your book,
perhaps it’s there somewhere. Try
‘computer program’.”

“No, it’s for personal use.”

“Yes, it’s a commercially available
program overseas, but not in New
Zealand.”

“No, I can’t make copies and sell
them”

“Try another page; perhaps it’s
under electronic goods or some-
thing.”

“No, the 40 percent import duty is
just for hardware, not software.”

“Hardware? That’s the bits of wire
and stuff all thrown together to make
a piece of equipment.”

“No, it’s not equipment. The disk
doesn’t count as equipment. Try
‘computer programs’ again.”

“That rate of duty is for programs
for mainframe computers.”

“Sorry, they’re those big installa-
tions that fill up half a building —
y’know, like IBM. It can’t be the same
rate.”

“No, my computer fits under one
arm and you can carry it around.”

“When’s the other guy get back
from lunch?”

Look, the usual duty is just on the
medium — that’s the value of the
disk, and they’re about three to five
bucks each in the States.”

“You feel you should charge me
on the value of the program too —
hey, that’s a bit steep. Let’s have a
last look in that book again.”

“Hey, look on that Customs
sticker — it says total value twenty
dollars.”

“How do I know what it costs? A
mate in the States sent it to me to
have a look at.”

“Come to think of it, it was prob-
ably about what it says. Things like
this are cheap in the States.”

“Look, what about working the
duty out on the cost of the disk, say
four dollars, and half the balance? It’s
about the nearest we’ll probably get.”
“Yeah, it is a fairly new hobby;
that’s probably why it isn’t in the
book.”

“Yeah, it is all rather confusing and
needs straightening out.”

“See you again sometime.”

“Bye.”

I’ve been through that situation
twice, with roughly the same conver-
sation each time. Not to go through it
could mean a massive 40 percent
duty on a program purely for per-
sonal use and of no interest to
anyone else. There is still a lot of con-
fusion between this type of computer
program and “commercial” pro-
grams that hasn’t been sorted out.
Hopefully, it will be soon, otherwise
next time I get a card in my postbox
saying that there is a computer pro-
gram waiting to be cleared through
Customs, I’ll be ready to be fitted^^
with a long-sleeved canvas overcoat.^P

The

Personal

Report

System

require a48K.
BaaMwl&fc 1&&B&

JSmmw&m

^'WftblishiiiKGf, wain,,

poralian

Sc^Hwai^ Riblislii n^Co

Software Riblishing Corporation

A Rrsonal Information
Management System.

four APPLE* computer really can track purchase
orders and inventory, analyze your investment records,
maintain client and patient histories, or even catalog
magazine abstracts and your stereo collection.
Software Publishing Corporation has the answer
and it doesn’t require programming!

We call it the PFS software series -an easy
to use yet powerful set of programs that let you
design a system that’s versatile enough to
manage almost any kind of information.

PFS, the personal filing system, let’s
you design your own form on the screen
for organizing information. Once it’s cre-
ated you just fill in the blanks. Looking
up what you’ve filed is just as easy. PFS
can search for a number, a single piece of
data, a word within a page of text, or
any combination. All forms that match
are displayed on the screen for browsing, updating, ex-
panding, or printing. PFS can even create mailing labels.

specifications. Just mark the information you want listed
and PFS: REPORT will sort it and let you specify head-
ings, totals, averages, counts, and calculations, fou can
save your report design for use on a regular basis.

PFS and PFS: REPORT come with simple
self teaching manuals plus a support plan that
includes program updates and factory experts
ready to answer your questions. And all of this at
an affordable price. Each program is priced
below $100.

The PFS software series is different.
It is not a specialized application pack-
age nor a complex programmer ori-
ented data base manager. It’s a personal
information management system that
lets you store, retrieve, and report in-
formation your way without program-
apple ii system ming. The PFS software series is avail-

able through your local dealers. If they don’t carry it have
them give us a call at (415) 962-8911 or write

PFS: REPORT, the personal report system, uses
the files PFS creates to produce a report tailored to your

PFS is a trademark of Software Publishing Corporation.

to us at Software Publishing Corporation,
2021 Landings Drive, MtriView, CA 94043.

APPLE* is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

The j)fs: software series

Mountain Computer
CPS Multi Function Card

Connect with Easy Use !

CPS has no switches to set! All functions on the card are set
from a user program. Menu driven screens set up your choice
of all functions on CPS and store them on-board in CMOS
RAM — battery backed-up (including the clock) for over two
years! To change parameters, run the set-up program again — or
use special commands from your keyboard. Furthermore, most
existing software programs are immediately usable with CPS.
Phantom Slot Capability permits assignment of CPS’ functions
to your software’s pre-defined slots.

Connecting a Parallel Printer ?

Epson®- Centronics® IDS Paper Tiger® CPS handles all these
printers and others with on-board intelligence to provide
paging and other features found on no other card.

Connecting a Serial Printer?

Diablo® Qume® NEC - TI 800 Series® CPS handles these printers
and others with standard RS-232 interface providing selection
of baud rates, handshakes, paging, and more.

Connecting a Modem or Terminal ?

Hayes Smartmodem® Novation CAT®M & R Penny whistle®CPS
handles these and others with full/half duplex operation, baud
rate selection, and even a transparent terminal mode which
includes a dual mode feature that permits printing of text to
parallel printers while ‘on-line’ eliminating the need for special
terminal software — and more.

Connect with Your Apple®Dealer

Drop by your Apple dealer and see how the CPS Multifunction
Card provides the most comprehensive capabilities for RS-232C
serial interface, parallel output, and real-time calendar/clock
of any card available today — all on one card — at one low price —
competitive with any one of the three or more single function
cards that it replaces.

Connecting with the Time?

The on-board calendar/clock provides real time and date
information including day of week, day, month, year, hours,
minutes, and seconds for any application requiring a time
stamp — battery backed-up for over two years!

Connecting with The Source?

Used with a modem, CPS provides the connection to informa-
tion utilities, such as The Source,® Dow Jones, and others.
Additionally, CPS provides the connection to big-time electronic
mail with programs such as Micro Courierand Micro Telegram?
and other data transfer programs.

Mountain Computer

I H CO UP ORATED*

300 El Pueblo Road, Scotts Valley, CA 95066
(408) 438-6650 TWX: 910 598-4504